State Facts in Spanish Using the Indicative Mood

In addition to traditional verb tenses, such as present and past tense, there are three moods that are also used in Spanish. These verb tenses reflect the way a sentence is constructed. The most common mood in Spanish is the indicative mood, which is used in ordinary, typical speech when making statements. In Spanish and English, the three moods are indicative, subjunctive, and imperative.  The mood of a verb is a property that relates to how the person using the verb feels about its factuality or likelihood. The distinction is made much more often in Spanish than it is in English. In Spanish, the indicative is referred to as the ​el indicativo. More About the Indicative Mood The indicative mood is used to talk about  actions, events, or true statements. It is typically used for making factual statements or describing obvious qualities of a person or situation.   In a sentence such as I  see  the dog, which translates to veo  el perro, the verb veo is in the indicative mood. Other examples of the indicative mood include  Irà ©Ã‚  a casa, which means, I  will go  home, or compramos  dos manzanas, which translates to we  bought  two apples. These are both statements of fact. The verbs in the sentences are conjugated, or changed into forms that reflect the indicative mood. Difference Between Subjunctive and Indicative Mood The indicative mood contrasts with the subjunctive mood, which is often used in making subjective or contrary-to-fact statements. The subjunctive mood is used to talk about  desires, doubts, wishes, conjectures, and possibilities, and there are many instances of its use in Spanish. For example, If I  were  young, I would be a soccer player, translates to,  Si  fuera  joven, serà ­a  futbolista.  The verb fuera uses the subjunctive form of the verb,  ser, to be. The subjunctive mood is rarely used in English. For a rare example of the subjunctive mood in English, the phrase if I  were a rich man refers to a contrary-to-fact condition. Note, the verb were does not agree with the subject or object, but here, it is used correctly in the sentence — since in this case, it is being used in the subjunctive mood. The  Spanish language seems to have no problem using the  verb in the subjunctive mood when the corresponding English sentence (in almost all cases) will use the indicative mood.   Use of the Imperative Mood In English, the indicative mood is used nearly all the time, except when giving  direct commands. Then, the imperative  mood  comes into play.   In Spanish, the imperative mood is used mostly in informal speech and  is one of the more unusual verb forms in Spanish.  Since direct commands sometimes can sound rude or impolite, the imperative form may be avoided in favor of other verb constructions. An example of the imperative mood would be eat, as in a mother directing her child to eat. In English, the word can stand alone as a sentence when used in this way. The verb comer means, to eat in Spanish. This sentence would be stated simply as  come or  come  tà º.

Questions and Answers on Critical Methodology - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2719 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? Critical methodology (max 800 words/20% overall marks) QUESTION 1 (i)In the context of legal abbreviations, what do the following stand for? H.R.L. Rev Yale L.J. (ii)Please give a critical evaluation of appropriate online and offline methodologies you might use to accurately identify such items. Solution to Question 1 (i)Using Raistrict (2008), the legal abbreviations; (a)H.R.L. Rev means Human Right Law Review. (b)Yale L.J. means Yale Law Journal. (ii) A critical evaluation of appropriate online and offline methodologies you might use to accurately identify the journals are detailed below; Appropriate online methodologies that can be used to identify the abbreviation include electronic law indexes such as the Westlaw, Lexis and online legal abbreviation websites. Using this approach allows the simplicity and comfort of conducting the search electronically without limit. However, not all legal material is available online. The offline methodologies could includes searching the library manually using shelf-end index cards, using books on legal citations and abbreviation such as Raistrick and textbooks on English Legal Sy stem makes it possible to match this legal abbreviation to its meaning. This method is time consuming when compared with the online approach. QUESTION 2 (i)What is the difference between primary and secondary legal sources? (ii)Would primary or secondary sources be found in the volumes located for Q1(i)? Solution to Question 2 (i)The difference between primary and secondary legal sources is that the primary sources of law contain the actual text of law itself, they are the written rules that govern the behaviour with society, they can affect the legal rights of citizens and this includes the statutory law and the case law while the secondary legal sources are background resources that comment on law to supplement the primary sources and they provide enlightening value for the relevant primary sources of law (Gillespie, 2013). (ii)Yes, Both sources would be found in the volumes located for Q1(i) above. In Human Rights Law Review 2014 volume 14, at page 175-195, Refe rences were made to a case law of Sunday Times v United Kingdom and a journal article by Habermas on The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society which are primary and secondary source respectively. QUESTION 3 Please locate a full transcript Pusey v Somerset CC (2012) then answer the following with reference to that transcript: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Questions and Answers on Critical Methodology" essay for you Create order What is the neutral citation for this case? Which judges heard the case and in which court? What factual events have motivated the appellants to bring a case? Is the court you found for question 3(b) bound by the Supreme Court? Solution to Question 3 [2012] EWCA Civ 988 The judges were Ward, Longmore and Patten LJJ in the Court of Appeal, Civil Division Nuisance alleged to have arisen from the use of a strip as a lay-by The Court of appeal Civil Division is bound by theSupreme Court of the United Kingdomwhen making decisions, and is normally bound by its own previous decisions. QUESTION 4 Critically evaluate the following methodologies for locating statutes: Generic search engines Library Hard Copy of Public General Acts and Measures. Solution to Question 4 Generic search engines involve using the common search engine in locating statutes. This allows the search of a broad context for the relevant statute. It allows the ease and comfort of conducting the search electronically without limit and can access all that are available in the database related to the statute. However, this methodology carries some concerns; statutes located may not relate to the proper jurisdiction or may not be official and reliable. Checking the authenticity and integrity of the statutes is also a concern as some of the statutes located by this means may no longer be in their original context which might have omit important information about the law. Therefore, it is difficult to know laws that have been amended, repeal or not in force. Some online statutes are written by author without a well ground knowledge about the law. Statutes are date sensitive and generic search engine makes it difficult to verify this. Library Hard Copy of Public General Acts and Measures allows locating of statutes in their original context as they are kept in the hard copy, as they have been written with no modification. This gives more reliable and dependable laws that have been enacted. They ensure that laws located in them are of maximum integrity. Easy to locate laws that are relevant to the proper jurisdiction. Hard copy allows dates verification as legal information is often date sensitive and makes it possible to know if the law is still in force. Also, many statutes are available in printed form than the online version. The major problem of this methodology is that hard copy of Public General Acts only shows the laws that were enacted and not amended. Accessing necessary statute can be difficult, tedious and also time-consuming. QUESTION 5 What is unusual about the enacting formula of the Hunting Act 2004 c.37? Solution to Question 5 An occasionally used legislative device: the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, which allows the Commons to over-rule the Lords where agreement cannot be reached, was invoked in enacting the Law. QUESTION 6 Provide, verbatim, the long title of the Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act 2014 c. 27. Solution to Question 6 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“An Act to make provision, in consequence of a declaration of invalidity made by the Court of Justice of the European Union in relation to Directive 2006/ 24/EC, about the retention of certain communications data; to amend the grounds for issuing interception warrants, or granting or giving certain authorisations or notices, underPart 1of theRegulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000; to make provision about the extra-territorial application of that Part and about the meaning of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“telecommunications serviceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  for the purposes of that Act; to make provision about additional reports by the Interception of Communications Commissioner; to make provision about a review of the operation and regulation of investigatory powers; and for connected purposesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Bibliography Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act 2014, c.27 Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2014/27/contents/enacted (Accessed: 27 November 2014) Gillespie, A. (2013) the English legal system, 4th edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press Raistrict, D. (2008) index to legal citation and abbreviations, 3rd edition, London: Thomson/Sweet Maxwell Case Review (max 1,500 words/40% overall marks) Please produce a review of the salient legal points of the following case Lord McAlpine of West Green v Bercow [2013] EWHC 1342 (QB), which should include the court in which the case was heard; who heard the case; what you perceive the key arguments in the case to be; whether you consider the case to be correctly decided and the reasons for this conclusion. INTRODUCTION Social media offers unique opportunities to share information, ideas, and opinions. It is fast becoming the preferred mode of communication and interaction[1]. It promote freedom of expression by empower people to freely express themselves. This freedom of expression needs to be exercise with prudence as some expressions could have serious legal implications. This essay reviewed a case between Lord McAlphine v Sally Bercow which originated from a post on twitter. It was a libel case heard by Mr. Justice Tugendhat in the High Court of justice Queenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bench Division. It shows how words can be said to be libellous even without it clearly defames someone or having the intention of making it to be. The essay is structured into four sections; section two discusses the facts of the case, section three explains the judgement, and the last section analyses this judgement based on the key arguments of the case. FACTS A BBC current affair programme Newsnight, broadcasted a report on the 2nd of November, 2012, about an undisclosed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“leading Conservative politician from the Thatcher yearsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  who was involved in a serious allegation of child abuse. This later turned out to be a case of mistaken identity where the accuser has misidentified his abuser[2]. On the 4th of November 2012, Bercow posted a tweet which reads: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Why is Lord McAlpine trending? *Innocent face*à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [3] the claimant said that the tweet defame him and brought proceedings for libel against the defendant. The court was asked to determine what the statement means and whether it really defames him[4]. The next section explained how Mr. Tugendhat came into conclusion based on the facts of this case using the legal principle. JUDGMENT The judge inferred that there were considerable number of viewers of the Newsnight report and by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“4th November 2012, many people had readà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  one or more media reports about it which included a considerable à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“readers of the tweetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [5]. He quoted some legal principles governing the interpretation of words in the law of libel. He referred to the case of Jones v Skelton[6], where the court stated that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ordinary and natural meaning of wordsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  may contain any implication or assumption which a reasonable reader guided by only the general facts and not restrained à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“by any strict legal rules of construction would draw from the wordsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [7]. He explained that a defamatory meaning is one inferred on the basis of other external facts which the claimant has to establish that they are well known to the readers[8]. Also, the governing principle for meaning is reasonableness, where the reader can indulge in loose thinking and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“some inference is allowed but the reasonable reader is not keen for scandal and the intention of the writer is irrelevantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as explained in the case of Jeynes v News Magazines Limited[9]. Mr. Tugendhat said that most followers of the defendant were interested in politics and current affairs and even without previous knowledge of the claimant, a reasonable reader would have linked him to the Newsnight report since the tweet named him by his title Lord which is used for people that have held prominent position in public life. In addition to his situation where he had little publicity at that time and there was rumour about the identity of an undisclosed politician who had been prominent some years back[10] The parties disagreed on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“what the words innocent face should meanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in which the claimant submitted that it is contrary to its exact meaning, while the defendant argued that it should be read in a literal way. Mr.Tugendhat concluded that sensible reader would interpret the words à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“innocent faceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as being deceitful as there was no explanation for adding them if the defendant was simply asking a factual question[11]. It was decided that the defendant does not have any good reason as to why someone whose name and career is not well known publicly, will be trending without her knowing why. But where à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the defendant was telling her followers on twitter that the claimant was trending and there is no other justification, then, it is sensible to infer that he is trending for the reason that he fits the description of the undisclosed abuser[12]. Therefore, taking into consideration the repetition rule which states that a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“person who repeats a libellous allegation made by others is treated as if the allegation were made by himà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [13], in this case, the defendant would be treated as if she made t he allegation on Newsnight and other media report which is an allegation of guilt[14]. As a result, the judge concluded that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Tweet meant, in its natural and ordinary meaning, that the Claimant was a paedophile who was guilty of sexually abusing boys living in care[15]. In other words, that the tweet bore an innuendo meaning to the same effect but one that was understood by a small number of readers.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [16] ANALYSIS As explained in Sarah Thornton v. Telegraph Media Group[17],a defamatory allegation must name the claimant and they must largely affect in an adverse way the behaviour of other people toward the claimant or have the probability to do so[18]. It is well established à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“that the tweet refers to the claimantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , since it named him. The argument is what the statement means and whether it really defames him[19]. Natural and ordinary meaning of words covers both the words themselvesandinferences which can be drawn from them. But the meaning must be detected by a person using the common knowledge as explained in the case of Jones v Skelton[20]. In deducing the meaning of words, the personal intention of the writer is irrelevant as a reader would apparently work out what the writer is trying to say. In this situation, a reader would try to find out the reason for the defendant question. Mr. Tugendhat was right to have concluded that a reader would understand the words innocent face to be insincere because there is no basis for adding those words if the defendant was simply asking an honest question. In a circumstance where readers have background knowledge of the Newsnight broadcast, the media reports and claimant position as a formal senior Conservative politician from the Thatcher years, they can also have inferred that the Tweet meant the claimant is trending for the reason that he is the paedophile who was the subject of the media report.Considering the numbers of the defendant followers that share her interest in current affairs and politics, with a number of them re-tweeting the words, it is very clear that some of the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s followers on twitter would have the relevant knowledge of the extrinsic facts. These opinions support the Judgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s conclusion on assigning an innuendo meaning to the tweet. Nevertheless, there is ground for arguing about the issue of lack of alternative explanation ment ioned by Mr. Tugendhat [21] because, it is complicated to see how a reader of the Tweet who had paid no attention to the broadcast and media report could have probably understood the tweet in a defamatory way. Also, the failure to determine the number of followers that understood the tweet in a defamatory meaning affects the conclusion. In Jameel v Dow Jones Co[22], the court decided that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“if the number of readers who can be proved to have read the words complained of is very small, then, it can be one of the factors which may lead the court to conclude that there has been no real and substantial tort allegedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [23]which was not considered here. CONCLUSION I do not think that Mr. Tugendhat could have come to any other conclusion on the facts of this case. The decision can be accepted on the ground that the reliance on an inference to establish that some readers had the required information of the special facts can be complicated as not all the reade rs of the tweet paid attention to the broadcast and media. But on the condition, that the tweet named the claimant and technically bore an innuendo meaning which would substantially affect peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attitude towards the claimant. Bibliography Hammond, The Telecommunications Act of 1996: Codifying the Digital Divide (1997) 50 Federal Communication Law Journal 179 at 185. Jameel v Dow Jones Co [2005] 2 W.L.R. 1614 Jeynes v News Magazines Limited [2008] EWCA Civ. 130 Jones v Skelton [1963] 1 WLR 1362at 1370-1371 Lord McAlpine v. Bercow [2013] EWHC 1342 (QB) Sarah Thornton v. Telegraph Media Group [2010] EWHC 1414 (QB) Tully, Stephen à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A Human Right to Access the Internet? Problems and Prospectsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Human Rights Law Review 2014, 14, 175-195. Critical analysis of journal articles (max 3,500 words/40% overall marks) Your articles to find (available online) and critically analyse are: (i) Tully, Stephen à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A Human Right to Access the Internet? Problems and Prospectsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Human Rights Law Review 2014, 14, 175-195 (ii) Frantziou, E à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Further Developments in the Right to be Forgotten: The European Court of Justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Judgment in Case C-131/12, Google Spain, SL, Google Inc v Agencia Espanola de Proteccion de Datosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Human Rights Law Review 1-17 Your critical analysis should consist of a consideration of the key issues addressed in the articles; consideration of how persuasive and illuminating the authorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ analysis and argument appears to be; where the arguments could be clarified; further contextualised or developed, and potential linkages between the articles. [1] Hammond, The Telecommunications Act of 1996: Codifying the Digital Divide (1997) 50 FCLJournal 179 at 185. [2] LORD MCALPINE V. BERCOW [2013] EWHC 1342 (QB) at paragraph 15 [3] Ibid. at paragraph 3 [4] Ibid. at paragraph 1 [5] Ibid. at paragraph 30 [6][1963] 1 WLR 1362at 1370-1371 [7]LORD MCALPINE V. BERCOW [2013] EWHC 1342 (QB) at paragraph 48 [8] Ibid. at paragraph 50 [9] [2008] EWCA Civ. 130at paragraph 14-15 [10] LORD MCALPINE V. BERCOW [2013] EWHC 1342 (QB) paragraph 83 [11]Ibid. at paragraph 84 [12]Ibid. at paragraph 85 [13] Ibid. at paragraph 44 [14] Ibid. at paragraph 88 [15] Ibid. at paragraph 90 [16] Ibid. at paragraph 91 [17] [2010] EWHC 1414 (QB) [18] Ibid. at paragraph 51-59 [19] Ibid. at paragraph 37 [20] [1963] 1 WLR 1362at 1370-1371 [21] LORD MCALPINE V. BERCOW [2013] EWHC 1342 (QB) at paragraph 85 [22] [2005] 2 W.L.R. 1614 [23] Ibid. at paragraph 74

Major Cultural Sporting Events and It’s Benefits Free Essays

string(79) " the accommodation on their books is fully booked at the time of the festival\." This essay will evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of Glastonbury Festival to the local community. It will mainly focus on the economic impact on the local community of Glastonbury, Pilton and Mendip but will also examine the social impact of the festival. â€Å"Festivals may be recurrent events (at intervals of a year of more) such as Glastonbury or one-off affairs like the Armada celebrations of 1988. We will write a custom essay sample on Major Cultural Sporting Events and It’s Benefits or any similar topic only for you Order Now A festival may be over in a day, a weekend or last a fortnight or more. Most festivals include associated activities, even if they a predominately one art form in concept† (Waters, 1989, pp 57). Glastonbury Festival could be described as a multicultural festival, as defined by Wilson and Udall (1982, pp 4-6, cited in Hall, 1992, pp 26) who state that multicultural festivals are, â€Å"festivals representing the cultural materials of many cultures. With few exceptions, audiences tend to be people who are not of the cultures presented. Organisers tend to be academics or eclectic fans of the folk arts with the control of the events likely to be in the hands of a non-profit institution. Glastonbury Festival donates the majority of their profits to charitable causes and attracts a diverse range of different people and cultures, from the folk fan to the raver. Glastonbury Festival for Contemporary Performing Arts was started by the owner of Worthy Farm, Michael Eavis, in 1970 and has continued to grow each year since then, with the 2000 festival attracting in excess of 150,000 people (BBC, 2002). Glastonbury Festival is now one of the most well known festivals in the world â€Å"†¦this festival is now a multi-media, international event†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Avon and Somerset Constabulary, 2002). Hall (1992) highlights some of the benefits to the local community of hosting a festival, he says â€Å"undoubtedly, festivals and programs of special events provide opportunities for communities to expand the markets of existing firms and attract new businesses and commercial interests, and perhaps raise the overall attractiveness of the areas as places to settle. However, â€Å"the nature of impacts varies with the age and status of the event and the size of the community in which it takes place† (Wall and Mitchell, 1989, p132, cited in Hall, 1992, pp 47). An event such as Glastonbury Festival, however, may not attract the type of people or businesses that the local residents would approve of and this could create conflicts within the local community. There is a great deal of support for Glastonbury Festival from the local community who benefit from it in many ways, which will be discussed later on in this essay. The Glastonbury Tourist Information Centre show their support for the festival on their website, â€Å"The town of Glastonbury has gained enormously from its association with the Glastonbury Festival. In particular, PTA groups, Carnival Clubs, playschools, local charities and businesses are among the many organisations that have benefited from its success. Therefore we, as a community, would like to show our support for the festival and thank Michael Eavis for bringing us all such a wonderful event. † (Glastonbury TIC, 2002). However, there are also a number of local residents who are opposed to the festival due to the problems caused by the quantity and quality of those attending. These views will also be discussed later on in this essay by reviewing the minutes of the meeting by Mendip District Council for the 2002 licence application. Glastonbury Festivals Ltd. (GFL) have provided a great deal of information as to how the festival financially benefits the local community. A summary of this information will follow. In total, from January 2000 to December 2000, GFL donated ? 703,158. 97 to various charitable organisations worldwide. Of the total amount, ? 289,613. 72 is donated to local causes. These local causes vary from carnival clubs and schools to various sporting clubs, many of which rely on funding from the festival to continue. A letter to Mendip District Council (2002), in support of the festival, from a local child states, â€Å"†¦we could loose our carnival if he [Michael Eavis] doesn’t do this [Glastonbury Festival], because a lot of carnival clubs go up there to raise money to build their floats that cost thousands to make †¦ and we’ve always had Pilton Pop Festival in the past. Three cheers to Michael Eavis. † Herbert (2001) states that, â€Å"in response to the questionnaire 74 percent of local residents asked say that the festival provides financial funding for local charities and schools†. From the information provided by GFL it can be seen that it is not just through donations that the local community is benefited financially from the festival but also by an increase in business at the time of the festival. A total of 316 local businesses received  £3,308,625. 78, from January 2000 to December 2000, by direct spending from GFL. This level of financial input from GFL is much needed by local firms especially due to their rural location. â€Å"We have a lot of support locally. The economy relies on the festival what with the demise of the agriculture industry. The economic case is very, very strong,† said Mr Eavis (BBC, 2002). It is more than likely that, yet again, many of these local companies rely on the annual spending from GFL. However, it is not only through direct spending from GFL that local businesses benefit. All businesses associated with leisure and tourism benefit from the festival, from accommodation to shops and pubs, the publican from the Crown in Pilton said, â€Å"It was a magnificent boost to trade, with nothing lost, nothing stolen and nothing broken – we didn’t have to close the doors to anyone† (GFL, 2002). In the weeks prior to the festival itself, those actually setting up the festival site use many of these local amenities. A proportion of people who come to the festival, including workers, performers and festival goers, choose not to camp on site and look to local hotels and bed and breakfasts for their accommodation† (GFL, 2002). Shepton Mallet, Glastonbury and Wells Tourist Information Centres all state that all of the accommodation on their books is fully booked at the time of the festival. You read "Major Cultural Sporting Events and It’s Benefits" in category "Essay examples" There are also a number of local residents who open their homes up for paying guests over the festival period. â€Å"As a result of the festival therefore, in excess of ? 250,000 is spent in the local community on accommodation† (GFL, 2002). Local garages also benefit from the number of cars arriving on site at the festival, â€Å"Mendip District Council quotes that there were a total of 57,000 cars in the official and unofficial car parks in 2000. Many of these vehicles would have used local garages for fuel, assuming each car only spent ? 10 this amounts to ? 570,000 spent on fuel† (GFL, 2002). At the 2000 festival GFL directly employed 1600 people, twenty five percent of whom were employed from the local area. â€Å"Over  £347,175 was spent on local employment, this amounted to over 55% of the total monies spent on wages for the 2000 festival† (GFL, 2002). Local business also benefited by having stalls at the 2000 festival, of the 770 stalls at the festival fifteen percent were local businesses. GFL (2002) states that, â€Å"It is our policy to try to accommodate local traders in preference to those coming from further a field. † It is clear to see from the information provided by GFL that they make a considerable effort to involve the local community as much as possible in the festival and a large proportion of the direct spending and donations from the profits go directly to the local community. Glastonbury Festival is a cultural event it can therefore be said that it can help to promote cultural tourism within the local community. Cultural tourism is defined by The World Tourism Organisation (1985, p6, cited in Hall, 1992 pp 23) as â€Å"movements of persons for essentially cultural motivations such as study tours, performing arts and cultural tours, travel to festivals and other cultural events, visits to sites and monuments, travel to study nature, folklore or art and pilgrimages†. As the Festival is such a well-known event it probably promotes tourism even when the festival is not actually on. Those who have heard of the festival may want to visit Glastonbury at other times of the year. GFL are aware of the festival’s ability to promote tourism in the local area, as stated by the Commercial Manager, â€Å"the festival brings a lot of money into the local area, and gives it a boost in tourism† (Commercial Manager of the Glastonbury Festival, 2001, cited in Herbert, 2001). However, Van Harssel (1994, cited in Herbert, 2001) stated that a greater level of tourist activity may cause increased overcrowding and congestion, which in itself affects residents’ daily lives†. An investigation by Herbert in 2001, into community participation in the planning and management of the Glastonbury Festival, shows that one of the major drawbacks recognised by the organisers and residents is traffic congestion. She goes on to say; this can be supported by Murphy (1985) who believes that one of the most frequently stated irritant for the host community residents is congestion amongst the community. Such a massive annual influx of festival-goers into the area will easily cause heavy congestion in such a small rural area. It is obvious that this huge festival will have some kind of negative impact, both economically and socially, to the local area. The main economic drawback of the festival is the cost to the local community of dealing with crime and other associated problems actually outside the festival site and the pressure put on local services such as hospitals and the police. This is confirmed by Mendip District Council (2002) â€Å"The Glastonbury Festival attracts more than 100,000 people every year. It doubles the population of Mendip district and severely stretches the capacity of local services, such as the police, fire and hospitals†. At the 2000 festival a total of 3237 patients were dealt with, 127 of which were referred to local hospitals and the helicopter was used twice (Festival Medical Services, 2000). The festival costs the NHS  £40,000 plus many empty beds in case of emergencies (Mendip District Council, 2002). The Somerset Fire Brigade were called to thirty-four incidents at the 2000 festival (Somerset Fire Brigade, 2000). A report from Avon and Somerset Constabulary (2002), complied for the licence application for the 2002 festival, states that â€Å"it can be reasonably predicted that recorded crime in the Mendip District overall will increase by 30 percent in the financial year 2002/03 if a licence is granted†. This level of increase in crime puts a considerable strain on the local police, especially seeing as a great deal of the crime is actually committed outside of the festival perimeter, â€Å"the car parks and areas immediately outside the perimeter fence are gathering points for organised touts and criminal gangs† (Mendip District Council, 2002). One the major problems for the local police is controlling the huge number of people that turn up at the festival without a ticket in the hope of getting over the fence. Many of these people congregate close to the festival sites and unlicensed raves attended by those who cannot get into the festival cause a considerable amount noise that affects local residents. â€Å"During the 2000 festival 400 vehicles (2000+ people) arrived for an unlicensed off-site rave. Of the 98 noise complaints that Mendip District Council received in the year 2000 from distressed local people, seven complaints related to the official festival; the rest derived from the off-site rave† (Mendip District Council, 2002). The cost of policing the 2000 festival was  £1. 25 million. The festival pays 40 percent; the taxpayers pay the rest causing tremendous drain on police resources (Mendip District Council, 2002). The festival also attracts the travelling community, many of whom then stay in the district and are very difficult to move on. One of the many reports submitted to the licensing board, from Mendip District Council (2002), highlights some of the detrimental effects to the environment caused by the festival. The wildlife, where it still exists, does a general exodus. The festival creates a million gallons of raw sewage, which helps to pollute the River Whitelake. 60,000 cars and coaches come into the district, which with the numerous fires and smoke machines etc help to create a haze like an industrial smog over Pilton. The festival creates 1000 tons of rubbish, very little of which is recycled. From the information that has been examined for this essay, it is rather difficult to determine overall whether the positive impacts of the festival outweigh the drawbacks. It also depends on whom you speak to in the local community with regards to how they feel about the festival. Mendip District Council receive many letters and phone calls from local residents some showing support for the festival and other from residents who are wholly opposed to it. It is clear that GFL make a great deal of effort to donate to local charities and to support local businesses, but it seems that not enough is being done to combat the detrimental effects caused by the festival. As stated by Herbert (2001) in her conclusion, â€Å"in general, more members of the host community agreed that the festival brings more disadvantages to the community than benefits, although this could be improved with the community having greater involvement in the planning and management of the Glastonbury Festival†. The 2001 festival did not go ahead as it was felt by the licensing board and the police that it would not be safe and following the 2000 festival the festival organisers were fined  £6,000 for breaches of the licence conditions (Mendip District Council, 2002). This has meant that the conditions of the licence for the 2002 Glastonbury Festival are much more stringent, with the festival organisers this year stating â€Å"No Ticket, No Festival† (GFL, 2002). The festival organisers are combating the huge problem of the number of people turning up without tickets, which appear to be those who cause the most problems in the local area. There will be stricter controls with regards to stopping those with no ticket getting anywhere near the festival. Off site car parks are proposed with buses running to the festival site for only those with a ticket (GFL, 2002), however, it will not be clear until the festival actually happens as to whether this will be effective, it may just cause more problems within the local area. It is clear from the research undertaken that a great deal of effort has been put into trying to ensure that the problems caused by previous festivals are not repeated. An organisation called Mean Fiddler have taken over the running of the festival, they have experience of managing other large-scale cultural events such as the Reading Festival and Homelands (www. meanfiddler. com, 2002). Hopefully this will help to make Glastonbury 2002 safe and fun and a great deal more pleasant for the local community. If the conditions of the licence are breached this year it is almost certain that Glastonbury Festival will not be allowed to continue, it is therefore up to all of those involved and all of those who support the festival to make sure that it is successful. How to cite Major Cultural Sporting Events and It’s Benefits, Essay examples

Business Writing Corporate Social Responsibility

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Writingfor Corporate Social Responsibility. Answer: Introduction The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) dictates that business procedures must include ethical measures that could bring positive outcomes for employees as well as for community members (Schoeneborn and Trittin, 2013, pp. 193). In this consideration, the issues like pollution, social procedures, psychology of consumers, and integrity of social structure are key elements that need to be appropriate, in conjunction to the activities, decision, and operations performed by companies. Likewise, the term Greenwashing refers to the market image of companies which reflect that they are doing right thing that are worthy from economic, political, legislative, and social perspectives (Crane, Matten and Spence, 2013, pp. 3). According to Carroll et al. (2010), the most critical question that arises from stakeholders (consumers and investors) is that in what measures they should track the activities and rationale behind decision making process. It is noteworthy to mention that more information is essential for the stakeholders such that they can figure out the ethical and optimal practices. According to Carrolls four categories of CSR, economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities for which society has expectation from any organisation. On the other hand, business people usually things of firms performance that can fulfil institutional and social needs in conjunction with economic, financial, and profitability expectations. Overall, the definition of CSR is based on commitment towards improvement of community well-being as well as appropriate corporate resource utilization with adoption of discretionary business practices (Vries, 2015, pp. 142). In the present time, there are several cases of companies, in which their service measures, manufacturing process, packaging and disposal, promotional measures, as well as financial responsibilities are of great concern for discussion. For example, the promotional measure used by McDonald must not promote high-level attraction to children, which can increase risk of childhood obesity. Similarly, for Google Apps they are reflecting their CSR measures by not promoting porn website opening with voice commands. Another example can be obtained from Ford Motors as they are involved in RD activities to bring disruptive technology that can control carbon emission which contributes to reduction in green-house gas emission. The mentioned activates reflect how the companies are contributing positively towards social development and protection (Illia, 2013, pp. 2). Other than this, there are also examples of companies that support the social development by contributing significantly for social c auses. For example, ITC Company supports education for poor people, Nestle Company offer free food campaign and health check-up camps for women and children. The corresponding outcome of these measures is that company can show their contribution towards development of society, gain competitive advantage, and collect evidence that their activities are complying with legislative framework of national and international interest. In essence of managing CSR activities, there is a keen requirement of maintaining the bottom line and improves the procedural requirement. According to Tsagas et al. (2012), such audit and performance evaluation are mainly managed with documentation. The rationale behind documentation provision is to preserve evidence, such that during the evaluation and audit process, distinction between performance measures and ethical orientation can be made. Likewise, documentation will also be helpful in making differentiation between CSR outcomes with reference to macro-s ocial level and organisational level. It is noteworthy to mention that documentation criteria are the key reason that companies are nowadays representing their engagement in CSR in the form of Greenwashing (Pope and Wraas, 2015, pp. 1). The key factor that mainly motivates this greenwashing provision is that companies can gain competitive advantage, attract customers with good message, can obtain easy certification from local and national government by complying with regulations, and manage their functional and economic liabilities. With these requirements, it is clearly justified that CSR claim is more compared to that greenwashing. The reason is clearly reflective with the fact that mere paper representation for contribution towards society, environment, and national development is not the requirement of present hours; rather there needs a substantial requirement for authentic responsibility-profitability connections (Crane, Matten and Spence, 2013, pp. 3). The quantitative analysis of these requirements can be performed based on portfolio comparison using theoretical framework as well as constructed model. Importantly, the analysis must be made using threshold level of time constraints, risk adjustment, and re-weighting of portfolios based on market status and resource availability. Likewise, the impact on social and environmental issues must be analysed using short-term contract and benchmarking testing. According to a report by Salzmann et al. (2005), the lack of optimal effort in terms of empirical testing as well as significance testing may reflect adequate greenwashing strategies; irrespective of having exact positive outcomes. According to several organisation such as International Labour Organisation, Grameen Bank in Asia, Department for Business Innovation (UK), and Foreign Affairs and International Trade have specified their CSR objectives. The significance of these framework is that the approach and their productivity in terms of outcome can be evaluated using any survey and interview results. The core characteristics of CSR activities thus demand voluntary steps in terms of managing externalities and aligning with multiple stakeholder orientation, such that their contribution towards customers, practice values in favour of community members, and alignment with reference to social and economic issues should be reflective with adequate transparency. In another report by Crane et al. (2013), the authors have highlighted that CSR framework actually varies according to their firm size. For example, formalisation of CSR in large firms aim toward formal and bureaucratised, whereas the same in a medium/small sized firm is informal in nature. The rationale behind this differentiation is linked with aims such as building corporate brand and managing public legitimacy for large firms. In contrast, for small sized firms, is only limited to building trust and framing networks with personal relationship to customers. Hence, it will be worthy to state that CSR part for any company should not only be stated as their mission, but should be integrated within business procedure and that it must be reflective with adequate outcomes in social and environmental context. References: Carroll, A.B. and Shabana, K.M., 2010. The business case for corporate social responsibility: A review of concepts, research and practice. International journal of management reviews, 12(1), pp.85-105. Crane, A., Matten, D. and Spence, L.J., 2013. Corporate social responsibility in a global context. Chapter in: Crane, A., Matten, D., and Spence, LJ,'Corporate Social Responsibility: Readings and Cases in a Global Context, 2, pp.3-26. Crane, A., Matten, D. and Spence, L.J., 2013. Corporate social responsibility in a global context. Chapter in: Crane, A., Matten, D., and Spence, LJ,'Corporate Social Responsibility: Readings and Cases in a Global Context, 2, pp.3-26. Illia, L., Zyglidopoulos, S.C., Romenti, S., Rodrguez-Cnovas, B. and del Valle Brena, A.G., 2013. Communicating corporate social responsibility to a cynical public. MIT Sloan Management Review, 54(3), p.2. Pope, S. and Wraas, A., 2015. CSR-Washing is Rare: A Conceptual Framework, Literature Review, and Critique. Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-21. Salzmann, O., Ionescu-Somers, A. and Steger, U., 2005. The business case for corporate sustainability:: literature review and research options. European Management Journal, 23(1), pp.27-36. Schoeneborn, D. and Trittin, H., 2013. Transcending transmission: Towards a constitutive perspective on CSR communication. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 18(2), pp.193-211. Tsagas, G., 2012. Reflecting on the value of socially responsible practices post takeover of Cadburys PLC by Kraft foods inc: implications for the revision of the EU takeover directive. European Company Law, Kluwer Law International, Special Issue on CSR and SRI, 9(2), pp.70-80. Vries, G., Terwel, B.W., Ellemers, N. and Daamen, D.D., 2015. Sustainability or profitability? How communicated motives for environmental policy affect public perceptions of corporate greenwashing. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 22(3), pp.142-154.