Ethical Behavior and Social Responsibility of Organizations Essay Example for Free

Moral Behavior and Social Responsibility of Organizations Essay Presentation Legitimate moral conduct is a huge piece of leading business. Associations should accordingly discover approaches to join moral contemplations into their vital arrangement. Firms need to rehearse self administration and comply with existing laws on the off chance that they are to guarantee their endurance and the prosperity of the general public where they exist. The choices made by an association influence society overall. This paper will look at the social duties of associations to every one of their partners. These include: clients, representatives, investors, providers, the neighborhood government and nature. Each segment of this report is enhanced with a contextual investigation representing the outcomes of dishonest conduct in business. Characterizing Ethics Morals is an omnipresent term that is dependent upon individual understanding. People and gatherings are guided by moral standards or qualities. Their convictions help them to fix principles for decoding from wrong (Little, 2011). Moral qualities are dynamic and are in this manner subject to renegotiation and change. These progressions are frequently impacted by intermittent and relevant conditions. As moral convictions vary from individual to individual, it may not be altogether conceivable to ingrain a widespread arrangement of qualities. Likewise, numerous people have various perspectives while figuring out what is correct and what's up (Little, 2011). Locally, moral qualities will in general be firmly adjusted. People who have been associated in a specific locale are bound to have comparative qualities, laws, religion, information and culture. With the development of organized commerce understandings, numerous organizations have the chance to lead universal business. In spite of the fact that these associations are generally fruitful in adjusting their financial advantages, many have neglected to perceive or comprehend the social standards, laws and moral acts of the nation they are leading business with. Characterizing Social Responsibility An organization’s way to deal with social duty can affect its picture and notoriety. Contingent upon how an association tends to this part of business, morals can either be a quality or a shortcoming. Social duty can be partitioned into three classifications: mandatory, receptive or responsive conduct (Duening Ivancevisch, 2008). An association that carries on of social commitment will in general direct its conduct to the legitimate quest for benefit (Duening et al., 2008). Socially responsive associations regularly stick to normal practices, qualities and execution desires (Duening et al., 2008). These associations must be responsible for the biological, ecological and social expenses brought about by their activities (Duening et al., 2008). Ultimately, socially responsive associations regularly take part in conduct that surpasses the activities taken by socially committed and socially receptive associations. For instance, these organizations take remains on open issues, represent their activities, foresee future needs of society, push toward fulfilling them, and speak with the legislature in regards to existing and foreseen socially alluring enactment (Duening et al., 2008). As delineated above, social obligation can mean various things to various individuals. From an expansive perspective, social duty is a consistence to the legitimate commitments, accepted practices and moral principles of society. With the end goal of this paper, I will utilize the wide feeling of the term, except if in any case indicated. Social Responsibility of Organizations to Internal Beneficiaries Social Responsibility to Employees Lawfully, associations are liable for furnishing their representatives with a lowest pay permitted by law, safe working conditions and the opportunity to frame an association (Duening et al., 2008). These laws dishearten the board from making work environments that abuse representative social liberties (Duening et al., 2008). Notwithstanding, some low maintenance businesses, drive-through eateries and retailers give just the base. Verifiably, worker benefits rose out of weight from representatives, associations and the network. Today, most associations are relied upon to go past the base legitimate prerequisites by furnishing their workers with â€Å"fringe benefits†, for example, retirement assets, wellbeing and mishap protection (Duening et al., 2008). Numerous socially receptive and socially responsive associations have stretched out their advantages to incorporate preparing, profession advancement, guiding, representative help programs, day-care and strategic scheduling approaches. As representative family life turns out to be progressively mind boggling, associations must discover approaches to offer help. Numerous cutting edge associations are worried about worker fulfillment and the advantages related with it. Workers who are content exhibit a higher responsibility to the association, which regularly converts into less non-appearance, higher confidence and higher profitability. In general, the cutting edge specialist needs his business to be both significant and satisfying (Duening et al., 2008). Social Irresponsibility to Employees: Wal-Mart Wal-shop is one of the most productive and proficiently run associations on the planet. In 2005, the partnership earned 200 and forty billion dollars in deals, yet still neglected to furnish its workers with human services benefits and a reasonable pay (Greenwald Gilliam, 2005). On various events, the association fail to give its workers the fundamental lawful necessities. Subsequently, Wal-shop is currently confronting various legal claims. Reports recommend that the association is additionally infamous for keeping its stores understaffed. Albeit additional time is once in a while an alternative, representatives are as yet expected to work off the clock to take care of business (Greenwald et al., 2005). Laborers are requested to finish their undertakings and are regularly informed that they can be supplanted. Given their appalling individual conditions, numerous workers set up with this maltreatment. Regarding representative prosperity, a vast lion's share of Walmart’s laborers can't manage the cost of the company’s essential clinical protection at only seventy-five dollars for every month. (Greenwald et al., 2005). In any case, Wal-bazaar urges its representatives to search out segment 8 lodging, food stamps and government-gave medical coverage. (Greenwald et al., 2005). Obviously, Wal-mart’s ordinary low costs are an aftereffect of citizen sponsorships. Across the country, Wal-bazaar is costing citizens more than one and a half billion dollars per year in sponsorships for its workers (Greenwald et al., 2005). Because of these arrangements, Walmart’s normal deals representative is living underneath the Federal Poverty Line. (Greenwald et al., 2005). In 2001, Barbara Ehrenreich directed a sociological report to decide if she could make due on a low pay. She got a new line of work at Wal-bazaar in Minnesota. Her examination reaffirmed the poor working conditions that Wal-bazaar representatives regularly persevere. In the accompanying statement Ehrenreich discusses a shirt that she needed to buy for work: â€Å"One of the guidelines is that our shirts must have collars, so they must be polos, not tees. By one way or another Id missed this during direction At $7 60 minutes, a $7 shirt is simply not going to make it to my shopping list† (Ehrenreich, 2002, p.88). Given the low compensation that she wins, she experiences issues supporting the acquisition of a seven dollar work shirt. In the following statement, her associate Alyssa ends up in an increasingly troublesome circumstance: â€Å"Alyssa is another objective for my campaign. At the point when she comes back to check once more on that $7 polo, she finds a stain on it. What might she be able to get off for that? I think 10 percent, and on the off chance that you include the 10 percent representative rebate, marry be down to $5.60. Im attempting to arrange a 20 percent value decrease with the fitting room woman when spoiled karma Howard appears and reports that there are no decreases and no representative limits on clearanced things. Those are the principles. Alyssa looks squashed, and I advise her, when Howards far out, that theres something incorrectly when youre not paid enough to purchase a Wal-Mart shirt, a clearanced Wal-Mart shirt with a stain on it. I hear you, she says, and concedes Wal-Mart isnt working for her either, if the objective is to make a living† (Ehrenreich, 2002, p.100). Wal-bazaar is additionally famous for crushing associations. In the event that a branch intends to hold an association vote, the association will recruit new workers to weaken the quantity of individuals who are ace association. Additionally, the association allocates each store a 7,000 dollar against association bundle; a thirty-thousand dollar covert government operative van, access to the organization’s one hundred thousand dollar hostile to association hot-line; and the utilization of its 7,000,000 dollar corporate fly for quick reaction (Greenwald et al., 2005). In the event that a branch is fruitful in an association vote, Wal-bazaar won't spare a moment to shut down that specific retail outlet. In rundown, with the nonappearance of associations and the current outlook of the executives, it is profoundly impossible that worker working conditions will improve at any point in the near future. Social Responsibility to Shareholders Associations have a social duty to their investors and must give exact data to speculation choices. (Duening et al., 2008). As expressed by Duening and Ivancevich, â€Å"the extreme move an investor can make is to sell the stock† (2008). It is significant that authoritative data be straightforward and available. Likewise, associations must be as proficient and successful as conceivable with the utilization of their assets. Any procedure or item include that doesn't include esteem is inefficient and adversy affects the main concern. Financial specialists of the twenty-first century need moment satisfaction and are in this way regularly focused on momentary income. As companies and their directors face pressure from investors to create assuaging quarterly outcomes, they regularly neglect to consider the drawn out prosperity of the association, its representatives and the earth. As of late, there

Hydroponics Growing Without Soil :: essays research papers fc

Hydroponics: Growing Without Soil      The study of developing plants without soil has been known and utilized for more than one-hundred years. The word “hydroponics';, be that as it may, is relatively new. Dr. W.E. Gericke is generally given acknowledgment for instituting the word, which deciphered from Greek, implies “working water';. The well known balancing nurseries of Babylon were most likely on of the primary endeavors to develop plants hydroponically. Crafted by Dr. Greicke in the 1920’s and 1930’s in California, be that as it may, is commonly viewed as the reason for almost all types of hydroponics. During the 1940’s at Purdue University, Robert B. what's more, Alice P. Withrow built up another hydroponic strategy. Their procedure was called Nutriculture. Nutriculture changed from Dr. Gericke’s technique in that rock was utilized as an establishing medium.      After World War II various business establishments were worked in the United States. Most of these were situated in Florida. Most were out of entryways and subject to the rigors of the climate. Poor development strategies and working practices made huge numbers of them be ineffective and creation conflicting.      How is the nature of the food today influenced by the techniques for Hydroponics of today? Body      The developing media that is utilized for cultivating extraordinarily impacts the creation of the plants. On the off chance that sand is utilized as a medium it ought to be tried altogether for any buildup that may cause tainted developing medium. The sand ought to be cleaned something like each three of about a month. Filtering is likewise a significant advance, it is to be done toward the finish of each yield cycle ( Jones 69-70). Sand that is utilized for the medium ought to have sawdust blended in with it to take into consideration better waste. The sawdust additionally makes the sand lighter and not agreement together as simple ( Bridwell 86).      Gravel is another medium, it is utilized all the more regularly in light of the fact that it is simpler to clean. In the event that rock is utilized round, smooth, stream type is liked. Granitic sorts are the best as a result of its hardness. Whatever kind of rock that is bought must be completely washed and cleaned to dispose of any calcareous on the rock. The size is likewise a factor when choosing rock. The bits of rock ought to be no littler than a quarter inch in distance across and bigger than a half inch. Squashed stone isn't favored on the grounds that the sharp edges can harm the root framework.      The cleaning process is a simple, yet a long and repetitive activity.

Your February Notes and Updates Form

Your February Notes and Updates Form Hi Everyone, The MIT February Updates and Notes Form is now available on MyMIT. Wait! Before you fill this form out, please read some important info below. ?What is it? The MIT February Updates and Notes Form is an online form that is required of all students (including those admitted or deferred in Early Action), and is to be completed by you, the applicant. This form serves two purposes: to share your newest grades, and give you an opportunity to mention other updates since you submitted your application. Who should fill it out? Everyone! Even those already accepted in Early Action. When should I fill it out? As soon as possible after grades are available for the fall semester or second quarter. (If your school uses a trimester schedule, please use your first trimester grades, even if we already have them.) Please send us the form once your grades are released, OR by February 15th, whichever is earlier. The form must be submitted no later than February 15th. Wait! I wont have any grades before February 15th! Even if you have no new grades to report, you should still complete the February Updates and Notes Form. You should then submit your midyear grades to us as soon as theyre available. My counselor/school already sent my midyear grades. Do I still need to submit the form? Yes. You are still required to complete the form with your latest grades. My school does not provide midyear grades or progress reports. Do I still need to submit the form? Yes. There is an option where you can indicate this. I am homeschooled. Do I still need to submit the form? Yes. You should provide any and all grades available for classes youve taken in your current academic year. I am no longer attending school. Do I still need to submit the form? Yes. There is an option where you can indicate this. Got it. Ok, how do I fill this form out? The form has fields for you to report your coursework and grades. This is similar to the Self-Reported Coursework Form from the Part 2 of the application, except that were only looking for current-year courses and grades. And were only looking for this from students with something to report. If youre in a school that doesnt have midyear grades, or youve already graduated, dont worry, youre all set just skip this section.? Next, we have provided you with a simple text box. This is the best place for any new updates you want us to know about. Feel free to write in bullet points or use more casual language. This section has a maximum of 250 words. I know thats not a lot, but do your best to be concise. Remember, the final date to submit the FUN form is February 15th. ? How do I fill out the grades section? Make it clean please. Like this: Biology A+ AP Calculus A- Or, if you have quarter grades: English A, B+ Japanese 95,88 Or, if you feel like you need to? explain something put it only in? the subject section like this: Java I(taken at B.C.C.) A+ Multivariable Calc (Online) Pass In the Grades box, please list only grades, no text. For example, it is sufficient to write B+ rather than B+ (Final grade) or B+ (online course).? If your transcript provides quarter grades and a midterm exam grade but no semester grade, you should list the quarter grades and the midterm exam grade. Dont create your own average, or report some expected grade.? If your school uses a trimester schedule, please use your first trimester grades. If you have more classes to report grades for than spaces available, just continue reporting them in the updates text box. Other special circumstances? Some schools including many international schools have no concept of midyear grades. This is okay. You can ignore the text boxes and simply choose the option, I attend a school that does not provide midyear grades.? Report your grades just the way they would appear on your transcript. No need to convert them to a letter system for example. If you need to explain your schools grading system, just put it in the updates section.? Some schools will not release midyear grades until after the Midyear Report deadline of February 15th. This is okay. You should choose the option Semester grades will be available on ______________________ and I will mail or fax them to you at that time. (Dont forget to actually do that once theyre available too.)? Some of you have graduated already and have no new grades to report. You should choose the option, Im not currently attending school; MIT has all of my grades. One more thing: If you see something missing on your MyMIT Application Tracking, dont worry were continuing to process thousands of documents coming in. Once were caught up, if were still missing something, well send you another email in the next week or two to let you know. ? Thanks!

State Facts in Spanish Using the Indicative Mood

In addition to traditional verb tenses, such as present and past tense, there are three moods that are also used in Spanish. These verb tenses reflect the way a sentence is constructed. The most common mood in Spanish is the indicative mood, which is used in ordinary, typical speech when making statements. In Spanish and English, the three moods are indicative, subjunctive, and imperative.  The mood of a verb is a property that relates to how the person using the verb feels about its factuality or likelihood. The distinction is made much more often in Spanish than it is in English. In Spanish, the indicative is referred to as the ​el indicativo. More About the Indicative Mood The indicative mood is used to talk about  actions, events, or true statements. It is typically used for making factual statements or describing obvious qualities of a person or situation.   In a sentence such as I  see  the dog, which translates to veo  el perro, the verb veo is in the indicative mood. Other examples of the indicative mood include  Irà ©Ã‚  a casa, which means, I  will go  home, or compramos  dos manzanas, which translates to we  bought  two apples. These are both statements of fact. The verbs in the sentences are conjugated, or changed into forms that reflect the indicative mood. Difference Between Subjunctive and Indicative Mood The indicative mood contrasts with the subjunctive mood, which is often used in making subjective or contrary-to-fact statements. The subjunctive mood is used to talk about  desires, doubts, wishes, conjectures, and possibilities, and there are many instances of its use in Spanish. For example, If I  were  young, I would be a soccer player, translates to,  Si  fuera  joven, serà ­a  futbolista.  The verb fuera uses the subjunctive form of the verb,  ser, to be. The subjunctive mood is rarely used in English. For a rare example of the subjunctive mood in English, the phrase if I  were a rich man refers to a contrary-to-fact condition. Note, the verb were does not agree with the subject or object, but here, it is used correctly in the sentence — since in this case, it is being used in the subjunctive mood. The  Spanish language seems to have no problem using the  verb in the subjunctive mood when the corresponding English sentence (in almost all cases) will use the indicative mood.   Use of the Imperative Mood In English, the indicative mood is used nearly all the time, except when giving  direct commands. Then, the imperative  mood  comes into play.   In Spanish, the imperative mood is used mostly in informal speech and  is one of the more unusual verb forms in Spanish.  Since direct commands sometimes can sound rude or impolite, the imperative form may be avoided in favor of other verb constructions. An example of the imperative mood would be eat, as in a mother directing her child to eat. In English, the word can stand alone as a sentence when used in this way. The verb comer means, to eat in Spanish. This sentence would be stated simply as  come or  come  tà º.

Questions and Answers on Critical Methodology - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2719 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? Critical methodology (max 800 words/20% overall marks) QUESTION 1 (i)In the context of legal abbreviations, what do the following stand for? H.R.L. Rev Yale L.J. (ii)Please give a critical evaluation of appropriate online and offline methodologies you might use to accurately identify such items. Solution to Question 1 (i)Using Raistrict (2008), the legal abbreviations; (a)H.R.L. Rev means Human Right Law Review. (b)Yale L.J. means Yale Law Journal. (ii) A critical evaluation of appropriate online and offline methodologies you might use to accurately identify the journals are detailed below; Appropriate online methodologies that can be used to identify the abbreviation include electronic law indexes such as the Westlaw, Lexis and online legal abbreviation websites. Using this approach allows the simplicity and comfort of conducting the search electronically without limit. However, not all legal material is available online. The offline methodologies could includes searching the library manually using shelf-end index cards, using books on legal citations and abbreviation such as Raistrick and textbooks on English Legal Sy stem makes it possible to match this legal abbreviation to its meaning. This method is time consuming when compared with the online approach. QUESTION 2 (i)What is the difference between primary and secondary legal sources? (ii)Would primary or secondary sources be found in the volumes located for Q1(i)? Solution to Question 2 (i)The difference between primary and secondary legal sources is that the primary sources of law contain the actual text of law itself, they are the written rules that govern the behaviour with society, they can affect the legal rights of citizens and this includes the statutory law and the case law while the secondary legal sources are background resources that comment on law to supplement the primary sources and they provide enlightening value for the relevant primary sources of law (Gillespie, 2013). (ii)Yes, Both sources would be found in the volumes located for Q1(i) above. In Human Rights Law Review 2014 volume 14, at page 175-195, Refe rences were made to a case law of Sunday Times v United Kingdom and a journal article by Habermas on The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society which are primary and secondary source respectively. QUESTION 3 Please locate a full transcript Pusey v Somerset CC (2012) then answer the following with reference to that transcript: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Questions and Answers on Critical Methodology" essay for you Create order What is the neutral citation for this case? Which judges heard the case and in which court? What factual events have motivated the appellants to bring a case? Is the court you found for question 3(b) bound by the Supreme Court? Solution to Question 3 [2012] EWCA Civ 988 The judges were Ward, Longmore and Patten LJJ in the Court of Appeal, Civil Division Nuisance alleged to have arisen from the use of a strip as a lay-by The Court of appeal Civil Division is bound by theSupreme Court of the United Kingdomwhen making decisions, and is normally bound by its own previous decisions. QUESTION 4 Critically evaluate the following methodologies for locating statutes: Generic search engines Library Hard Copy of Public General Acts and Measures. Solution to Question 4 Generic search engines involve using the common search engine in locating statutes. This allows the search of a broad context for the relevant statute. It allows the ease and comfort of conducting the search electronically without limit and can access all that are available in the database related to the statute. However, this methodology carries some concerns; statutes located may not relate to the proper jurisdiction or may not be official and reliable. Checking the authenticity and integrity of the statutes is also a concern as some of the statutes located by this means may no longer be in their original context which might have omit important information about the law. Therefore, it is difficult to know laws that have been amended, repeal or not in force. Some online statutes are written by author without a well ground knowledge about the law. Statutes are date sensitive and generic search engine makes it difficult to verify this. Library Hard Copy of Public General Acts and Measures allows locating of statutes in their original context as they are kept in the hard copy, as they have been written with no modification. This gives more reliable and dependable laws that have been enacted. They ensure that laws located in them are of maximum integrity. Easy to locate laws that are relevant to the proper jurisdiction. Hard copy allows dates verification as legal information is often date sensitive and makes it possible to know if the law is still in force. Also, many statutes are available in printed form than the online version. The major problem of this methodology is that hard copy of Public General Acts only shows the laws that were enacted and not amended. Accessing necessary statute can be difficult, tedious and also time-consuming. QUESTION 5 What is unusual about the enacting formula of the Hunting Act 2004 c.37? Solution to Question 5 An occasionally used legislative device: the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, which allows the Commons to over-rule the Lords where agreement cannot be reached, was invoked in enacting the Law. QUESTION 6 Provide, verbatim, the long title of the Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act 2014 c. 27. Solution to Question 6 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“An Act to make provision, in consequence of a declaration of invalidity made by the Court of Justice of the European Union in relation to Directive 2006/ 24/EC, about the retention of certain communications data; to amend the grounds for issuing interception warrants, or granting or giving certain authorisations or notices, underPart 1of theRegulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000; to make provision about the extra-territorial application of that Part and about the meaning of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“telecommunications serviceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  for the purposes of that Act; to make provision about additional reports by the Interception of Communications Commissioner; to make provision about a review of the operation and regulation of investigatory powers; and for connected purposesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Bibliography Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act 2014, c.27 Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2014/27/contents/enacted (Accessed: 27 November 2014) Gillespie, A. (2013) the English legal system, 4th edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press Raistrict, D. (2008) index to legal citation and abbreviations, 3rd edition, London: Thomson/Sweet Maxwell Case Review (max 1,500 words/40% overall marks) Please produce a review of the salient legal points of the following case Lord McAlpine of West Green v Bercow [2013] EWHC 1342 (QB), which should include the court in which the case was heard; who heard the case; what you perceive the key arguments in the case to be; whether you consider the case to be correctly decided and the reasons for this conclusion. INTRODUCTION Social media offers unique opportunities to share information, ideas, and opinions. It is fast becoming the preferred mode of communication and interaction[1]. It promote freedom of expression by empower people to freely express themselves. This freedom of expression needs to be exercise with prudence as some expressions could have serious legal implications. This essay reviewed a case between Lord McAlphine v Sally Bercow which originated from a post on twitter. It was a libel case heard by Mr. Justice Tugendhat in the High Court of justice Queenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bench Division. It shows how words can be said to be libellous even without it clearly defames someone or having the intention of making it to be. The essay is structured into four sections; section two discusses the facts of the case, section three explains the judgement, and the last section analyses this judgement based on the key arguments of the case. FACTS A BBC current affair programme Newsnight, broadcasted a report on the 2nd of November, 2012, about an undisclosed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“leading Conservative politician from the Thatcher yearsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  who was involved in a serious allegation of child abuse. This later turned out to be a case of mistaken identity where the accuser has misidentified his abuser[2]. On the 4th of November 2012, Bercow posted a tweet which reads: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Why is Lord McAlpine trending? *Innocent face*à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [3] the claimant said that the tweet defame him and brought proceedings for libel against the defendant. The court was asked to determine what the statement means and whether it really defames him[4]. The next section explained how Mr. Tugendhat came into conclusion based on the facts of this case using the legal principle. JUDGMENT The judge inferred that there were considerable number of viewers of the Newsnight report and by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“4th November 2012, many people had readà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  one or more media reports about it which included a considerable à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“readers of the tweetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [5]. He quoted some legal principles governing the interpretation of words in the law of libel. He referred to the case of Jones v Skelton[6], where the court stated that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ordinary and natural meaning of wordsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  may contain any implication or assumption which a reasonable reader guided by only the general facts and not restrained à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“by any strict legal rules of construction would draw from the wordsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [7]. He explained that a defamatory meaning is one inferred on the basis of other external facts which the claimant has to establish that they are well known to the readers[8]. Also, the governing principle for meaning is reasonableness, where the reader can indulge in loose thinking and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“some inference is allowed but the reasonable reader is not keen for scandal and the intention of the writer is irrelevantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as explained in the case of Jeynes v News Magazines Limited[9]. Mr. Tugendhat said that most followers of the defendant were interested in politics and current affairs and even without previous knowledge of the claimant, a reasonable reader would have linked him to the Newsnight report since the tweet named him by his title Lord which is used for people that have held prominent position in public life. In addition to his situation where he had little publicity at that time and there was rumour about the identity of an undisclosed politician who had been prominent some years back[10] The parties disagreed on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“what the words innocent face should meanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in which the claimant submitted that it is contrary to its exact meaning, while the defendant argued that it should be read in a literal way. Mr.Tugendhat concluded that sensible reader would interpret the words à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“innocent faceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as being deceitful as there was no explanation for adding them if the defendant was simply asking a factual question[11]. It was decided that the defendant does not have any good reason as to why someone whose name and career is not well known publicly, will be trending without her knowing why. But where à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the defendant was telling her followers on twitter that the claimant was trending and there is no other justification, then, it is sensible to infer that he is trending for the reason that he fits the description of the undisclosed abuser[12]. Therefore, taking into consideration the repetition rule which states that a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“person who repeats a libellous allegation made by others is treated as if the allegation were made by himà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [13], in this case, the defendant would be treated as if she made t he allegation on Newsnight and other media report which is an allegation of guilt[14]. As a result, the judge concluded that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Tweet meant, in its natural and ordinary meaning, that the Claimant was a paedophile who was guilty of sexually abusing boys living in care[15]. In other words, that the tweet bore an innuendo meaning to the same effect but one that was understood by a small number of readers.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [16] ANALYSIS As explained in Sarah Thornton v. Telegraph Media Group[17],a defamatory allegation must name the claimant and they must largely affect in an adverse way the behaviour of other people toward the claimant or have the probability to do so[18]. It is well established à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“that the tweet refers to the claimantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , since it named him. The argument is what the statement means and whether it really defames him[19]. Natural and ordinary meaning of words covers both the words themselvesandinferences which can be drawn from them. But the meaning must be detected by a person using the common knowledge as explained in the case of Jones v Skelton[20]. In deducing the meaning of words, the personal intention of the writer is irrelevant as a reader would apparently work out what the writer is trying to say. In this situation, a reader would try to find out the reason for the defendant question. Mr. Tugendhat was right to have concluded that a reader would understand the words innocent face to be insincere because there is no basis for adding those words if the defendant was simply asking an honest question. In a circumstance where readers have background knowledge of the Newsnight broadcast, the media reports and claimant position as a formal senior Conservative politician from the Thatcher years, they can also have inferred that the Tweet meant the claimant is trending for the reason that he is the paedophile who was the subject of the media report.Considering the numbers of the defendant followers that share her interest in current affairs and politics, with a number of them re-tweeting the words, it is very clear that some of the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s followers on twitter would have the relevant knowledge of the extrinsic facts. These opinions support the Judgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s conclusion on assigning an innuendo meaning to the tweet. Nevertheless, there is ground for arguing about the issue of lack of alternative explanation ment ioned by Mr. Tugendhat [21] because, it is complicated to see how a reader of the Tweet who had paid no attention to the broadcast and media report could have probably understood the tweet in a defamatory way. Also, the failure to determine the number of followers that understood the tweet in a defamatory meaning affects the conclusion. In Jameel v Dow Jones Co[22], the court decided that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“if the number of readers who can be proved to have read the words complained of is very small, then, it can be one of the factors which may lead the court to conclude that there has been no real and substantial tort allegedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [23]which was not considered here. CONCLUSION I do not think that Mr. Tugendhat could have come to any other conclusion on the facts of this case. The decision can be accepted on the ground that the reliance on an inference to establish that some readers had the required information of the special facts can be complicated as not all the reade rs of the tweet paid attention to the broadcast and media. But on the condition, that the tweet named the claimant and technically bore an innuendo meaning which would substantially affect peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attitude towards the claimant. Bibliography Hammond, The Telecommunications Act of 1996: Codifying the Digital Divide (1997) 50 Federal Communication Law Journal 179 at 185. Jameel v Dow Jones Co [2005] 2 W.L.R. 1614 Jeynes v News Magazines Limited [2008] EWCA Civ. 130 Jones v Skelton [1963] 1 WLR 1362at 1370-1371 Lord McAlpine v. Bercow [2013] EWHC 1342 (QB) Sarah Thornton v. Telegraph Media Group [2010] EWHC 1414 (QB) Tully, Stephen à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A Human Right to Access the Internet? Problems and Prospectsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Human Rights Law Review 2014, 14, 175-195. Critical analysis of journal articles (max 3,500 words/40% overall marks) Your articles to find (available online) and critically analyse are: (i) Tully, Stephen à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A Human Right to Access the Internet? Problems and Prospectsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Human Rights Law Review 2014, 14, 175-195 (ii) Frantziou, E à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Further Developments in the Right to be Forgotten: The European Court of Justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Judgment in Case C-131/12, Google Spain, SL, Google Inc v Agencia Espanola de Proteccion de Datosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Human Rights Law Review 1-17 Your critical analysis should consist of a consideration of the key issues addressed in the articles; consideration of how persuasive and illuminating the authorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ analysis and argument appears to be; where the arguments could be clarified; further contextualised or developed, and potential linkages between the articles. [1] Hammond, The Telecommunications Act of 1996: Codifying the Digital Divide (1997) 50 FCLJournal 179 at 185. [2] LORD MCALPINE V. BERCOW [2013] EWHC 1342 (QB) at paragraph 15 [3] Ibid. at paragraph 3 [4] Ibid. at paragraph 1 [5] Ibid. at paragraph 30 [6][1963] 1 WLR 1362at 1370-1371 [7]LORD MCALPINE V. BERCOW [2013] EWHC 1342 (QB) at paragraph 48 [8] Ibid. at paragraph 50 [9] [2008] EWCA Civ. 130at paragraph 14-15 [10] LORD MCALPINE V. BERCOW [2013] EWHC 1342 (QB) paragraph 83 [11]Ibid. at paragraph 84 [12]Ibid. at paragraph 85 [13] Ibid. at paragraph 44 [14] Ibid. at paragraph 88 [15] Ibid. at paragraph 90 [16] Ibid. at paragraph 91 [17] [2010] EWHC 1414 (QB) [18] Ibid. at paragraph 51-59 [19] Ibid. at paragraph 37 [20] [1963] 1 WLR 1362at 1370-1371 [21] LORD MCALPINE V. BERCOW [2013] EWHC 1342 (QB) at paragraph 85 [22] [2005] 2 W.L.R. 1614 [23] Ibid. at paragraph 74

Major Cultural Sporting Events and It’s Benefits Free Essays

string(79) " the accommodation on their books is fully booked at the time of the festival\." This essay will evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of Glastonbury Festival to the local community. It will mainly focus on the economic impact on the local community of Glastonbury, Pilton and Mendip but will also examine the social impact of the festival. â€Å"Festivals may be recurrent events (at intervals of a year of more) such as Glastonbury or one-off affairs like the Armada celebrations of 1988. We will write a custom essay sample on Major Cultural Sporting Events and It’s Benefits or any similar topic only for you Order Now A festival may be over in a day, a weekend or last a fortnight or more. Most festivals include associated activities, even if they a predominately one art form in concept† (Waters, 1989, pp 57). Glastonbury Festival could be described as a multicultural festival, as defined by Wilson and Udall (1982, pp 4-6, cited in Hall, 1992, pp 26) who state that multicultural festivals are, â€Å"festivals representing the cultural materials of many cultures. With few exceptions, audiences tend to be people who are not of the cultures presented. Organisers tend to be academics or eclectic fans of the folk arts with the control of the events likely to be in the hands of a non-profit institution. Glastonbury Festival donates the majority of their profits to charitable causes and attracts a diverse range of different people and cultures, from the folk fan to the raver. Glastonbury Festival for Contemporary Performing Arts was started by the owner of Worthy Farm, Michael Eavis, in 1970 and has continued to grow each year since then, with the 2000 festival attracting in excess of 150,000 people (BBC, 2002). Glastonbury Festival is now one of the most well known festivals in the world â€Å"†¦this festival is now a multi-media, international event†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Avon and Somerset Constabulary, 2002). Hall (1992) highlights some of the benefits to the local community of hosting a festival, he says â€Å"undoubtedly, festivals and programs of special events provide opportunities for communities to expand the markets of existing firms and attract new businesses and commercial interests, and perhaps raise the overall attractiveness of the areas as places to settle. However, â€Å"the nature of impacts varies with the age and status of the event and the size of the community in which it takes place† (Wall and Mitchell, 1989, p132, cited in Hall, 1992, pp 47). An event such as Glastonbury Festival, however, may not attract the type of people or businesses that the local residents would approve of and this could create conflicts within the local community. There is a great deal of support for Glastonbury Festival from the local community who benefit from it in many ways, which will be discussed later on in this essay. The Glastonbury Tourist Information Centre show their support for the festival on their website, â€Å"The town of Glastonbury has gained enormously from its association with the Glastonbury Festival. In particular, PTA groups, Carnival Clubs, playschools, local charities and businesses are among the many organisations that have benefited from its success. Therefore we, as a community, would like to show our support for the festival and thank Michael Eavis for bringing us all such a wonderful event. † (Glastonbury TIC, 2002). However, there are also a number of local residents who are opposed to the festival due to the problems caused by the quantity and quality of those attending. These views will also be discussed later on in this essay by reviewing the minutes of the meeting by Mendip District Council for the 2002 licence application. Glastonbury Festivals Ltd. (GFL) have provided a great deal of information as to how the festival financially benefits the local community. A summary of this information will follow. In total, from January 2000 to December 2000, GFL donated ? 703,158. 97 to various charitable organisations worldwide. Of the total amount, ? 289,613. 72 is donated to local causes. These local causes vary from carnival clubs and schools to various sporting clubs, many of which rely on funding from the festival to continue. A letter to Mendip District Council (2002), in support of the festival, from a local child states, â€Å"†¦we could loose our carnival if he [Michael Eavis] doesn’t do this [Glastonbury Festival], because a lot of carnival clubs go up there to raise money to build their floats that cost thousands to make †¦ and we’ve always had Pilton Pop Festival in the past. Three cheers to Michael Eavis. † Herbert (2001) states that, â€Å"in response to the questionnaire 74 percent of local residents asked say that the festival provides financial funding for local charities and schools†. From the information provided by GFL it can be seen that it is not just through donations that the local community is benefited financially from the festival but also by an increase in business at the time of the festival. A total of 316 local businesses received  £3,308,625. 78, from January 2000 to December 2000, by direct spending from GFL. This level of financial input from GFL is much needed by local firms especially due to their rural location. â€Å"We have a lot of support locally. The economy relies on the festival what with the demise of the agriculture industry. The economic case is very, very strong,† said Mr Eavis (BBC, 2002). It is more than likely that, yet again, many of these local companies rely on the annual spending from GFL. However, it is not only through direct spending from GFL that local businesses benefit. All businesses associated with leisure and tourism benefit from the festival, from accommodation to shops and pubs, the publican from the Crown in Pilton said, â€Å"It was a magnificent boost to trade, with nothing lost, nothing stolen and nothing broken – we didn’t have to close the doors to anyone† (GFL, 2002). In the weeks prior to the festival itself, those actually setting up the festival site use many of these local amenities. A proportion of people who come to the festival, including workers, performers and festival goers, choose not to camp on site and look to local hotels and bed and breakfasts for their accommodation† (GFL, 2002). Shepton Mallet, Glastonbury and Wells Tourist Information Centres all state that all of the accommodation on their books is fully booked at the time of the festival. You read "Major Cultural Sporting Events and It’s Benefits" in category "Essay examples" There are also a number of local residents who open their homes up for paying guests over the festival period. â€Å"As a result of the festival therefore, in excess of ? 250,000 is spent in the local community on accommodation† (GFL, 2002). Local garages also benefit from the number of cars arriving on site at the festival, â€Å"Mendip District Council quotes that there were a total of 57,000 cars in the official and unofficial car parks in 2000. Many of these vehicles would have used local garages for fuel, assuming each car only spent ? 10 this amounts to ? 570,000 spent on fuel† (GFL, 2002). At the 2000 festival GFL directly employed 1600 people, twenty five percent of whom were employed from the local area. â€Å"Over  £347,175 was spent on local employment, this amounted to over 55% of the total monies spent on wages for the 2000 festival† (GFL, 2002). Local business also benefited by having stalls at the 2000 festival, of the 770 stalls at the festival fifteen percent were local businesses. GFL (2002) states that, â€Å"It is our policy to try to accommodate local traders in preference to those coming from further a field. † It is clear to see from the information provided by GFL that they make a considerable effort to involve the local community as much as possible in the festival and a large proportion of the direct spending and donations from the profits go directly to the local community. Glastonbury Festival is a cultural event it can therefore be said that it can help to promote cultural tourism within the local community. Cultural tourism is defined by The World Tourism Organisation (1985, p6, cited in Hall, 1992 pp 23) as â€Å"movements of persons for essentially cultural motivations such as study tours, performing arts and cultural tours, travel to festivals and other cultural events, visits to sites and monuments, travel to study nature, folklore or art and pilgrimages†. As the Festival is such a well-known event it probably promotes tourism even when the festival is not actually on. Those who have heard of the festival may want to visit Glastonbury at other times of the year. GFL are aware of the festival’s ability to promote tourism in the local area, as stated by the Commercial Manager, â€Å"the festival brings a lot of money into the local area, and gives it a boost in tourism† (Commercial Manager of the Glastonbury Festival, 2001, cited in Herbert, 2001). However, Van Harssel (1994, cited in Herbert, 2001) stated that a greater level of tourist activity may cause increased overcrowding and congestion, which in itself affects residents’ daily lives†. An investigation by Herbert in 2001, into community participation in the planning and management of the Glastonbury Festival, shows that one of the major drawbacks recognised by the organisers and residents is traffic congestion. She goes on to say; this can be supported by Murphy (1985) who believes that one of the most frequently stated irritant for the host community residents is congestion amongst the community. Such a massive annual influx of festival-goers into the area will easily cause heavy congestion in such a small rural area. It is obvious that this huge festival will have some kind of negative impact, both economically and socially, to the local area. The main economic drawback of the festival is the cost to the local community of dealing with crime and other associated problems actually outside the festival site and the pressure put on local services such as hospitals and the police. This is confirmed by Mendip District Council (2002) â€Å"The Glastonbury Festival attracts more than 100,000 people every year. It doubles the population of Mendip district and severely stretches the capacity of local services, such as the police, fire and hospitals†. At the 2000 festival a total of 3237 patients were dealt with, 127 of which were referred to local hospitals and the helicopter was used twice (Festival Medical Services, 2000). The festival costs the NHS  £40,000 plus many empty beds in case of emergencies (Mendip District Council, 2002). The Somerset Fire Brigade were called to thirty-four incidents at the 2000 festival (Somerset Fire Brigade, 2000). A report from Avon and Somerset Constabulary (2002), complied for the licence application for the 2002 festival, states that â€Å"it can be reasonably predicted that recorded crime in the Mendip District overall will increase by 30 percent in the financial year 2002/03 if a licence is granted†. This level of increase in crime puts a considerable strain on the local police, especially seeing as a great deal of the crime is actually committed outside of the festival perimeter, â€Å"the car parks and areas immediately outside the perimeter fence are gathering points for organised touts and criminal gangs† (Mendip District Council, 2002). One the major problems for the local police is controlling the huge number of people that turn up at the festival without a ticket in the hope of getting over the fence. Many of these people congregate close to the festival sites and unlicensed raves attended by those who cannot get into the festival cause a considerable amount noise that affects local residents. â€Å"During the 2000 festival 400 vehicles (2000+ people) arrived for an unlicensed off-site rave. Of the 98 noise complaints that Mendip District Council received in the year 2000 from distressed local people, seven complaints related to the official festival; the rest derived from the off-site rave† (Mendip District Council, 2002). The cost of policing the 2000 festival was  £1. 25 million. The festival pays 40 percent; the taxpayers pay the rest causing tremendous drain on police resources (Mendip District Council, 2002). The festival also attracts the travelling community, many of whom then stay in the district and are very difficult to move on. One of the many reports submitted to the licensing board, from Mendip District Council (2002), highlights some of the detrimental effects to the environment caused by the festival. The wildlife, where it still exists, does a general exodus. The festival creates a million gallons of raw sewage, which helps to pollute the River Whitelake. 60,000 cars and coaches come into the district, which with the numerous fires and smoke machines etc help to create a haze like an industrial smog over Pilton. The festival creates 1000 tons of rubbish, very little of which is recycled. From the information that has been examined for this essay, it is rather difficult to determine overall whether the positive impacts of the festival outweigh the drawbacks. It also depends on whom you speak to in the local community with regards to how they feel about the festival. Mendip District Council receive many letters and phone calls from local residents some showing support for the festival and other from residents who are wholly opposed to it. It is clear that GFL make a great deal of effort to donate to local charities and to support local businesses, but it seems that not enough is being done to combat the detrimental effects caused by the festival. As stated by Herbert (2001) in her conclusion, â€Å"in general, more members of the host community agreed that the festival brings more disadvantages to the community than benefits, although this could be improved with the community having greater involvement in the planning and management of the Glastonbury Festival†. The 2001 festival did not go ahead as it was felt by the licensing board and the police that it would not be safe and following the 2000 festival the festival organisers were fined  £6,000 for breaches of the licence conditions (Mendip District Council, 2002). This has meant that the conditions of the licence for the 2002 Glastonbury Festival are much more stringent, with the festival organisers this year stating â€Å"No Ticket, No Festival† (GFL, 2002). The festival organisers are combating the huge problem of the number of people turning up without tickets, which appear to be those who cause the most problems in the local area. There will be stricter controls with regards to stopping those with no ticket getting anywhere near the festival. Off site car parks are proposed with buses running to the festival site for only those with a ticket (GFL, 2002), however, it will not be clear until the festival actually happens as to whether this will be effective, it may just cause more problems within the local area. It is clear from the research undertaken that a great deal of effort has been put into trying to ensure that the problems caused by previous festivals are not repeated. An organisation called Mean Fiddler have taken over the running of the festival, they have experience of managing other large-scale cultural events such as the Reading Festival and Homelands (www. meanfiddler. com, 2002). Hopefully this will help to make Glastonbury 2002 safe and fun and a great deal more pleasant for the local community. If the conditions of the licence are breached this year it is almost certain that Glastonbury Festival will not be allowed to continue, it is therefore up to all of those involved and all of those who support the festival to make sure that it is successful. How to cite Major Cultural Sporting Events and It’s Benefits, Essay examples

Business Writing Corporate Social Responsibility

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Writingfor Corporate Social Responsibility. Answer: Introduction The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) dictates that business procedures must include ethical measures that could bring positive outcomes for employees as well as for community members (Schoeneborn and Trittin, 2013, pp. 193). In this consideration, the issues like pollution, social procedures, psychology of consumers, and integrity of social structure are key elements that need to be appropriate, in conjunction to the activities, decision, and operations performed by companies. Likewise, the term Greenwashing refers to the market image of companies which reflect that they are doing right thing that are worthy from economic, political, legislative, and social perspectives (Crane, Matten and Spence, 2013, pp. 3). According to Carroll et al. (2010), the most critical question that arises from stakeholders (consumers and investors) is that in what measures they should track the activities and rationale behind decision making process. It is noteworthy to mention that more information is essential for the stakeholders such that they can figure out the ethical and optimal practices. According to Carrolls four categories of CSR, economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities for which society has expectation from any organisation. On the other hand, business people usually things of firms performance that can fulfil institutional and social needs in conjunction with economic, financial, and profitability expectations. Overall, the definition of CSR is based on commitment towards improvement of community well-being as well as appropriate corporate resource utilization with adoption of discretionary business practices (Vries, 2015, pp. 142). In the present time, there are several cases of companies, in which their service measures, manufacturing process, packaging and disposal, promotional measures, as well as financial responsibilities are of great concern for discussion. For example, the promotional measure used by McDonald must not promote high-level attraction to children, which can increase risk of childhood obesity. Similarly, for Google Apps they are reflecting their CSR measures by not promoting porn website opening with voice commands. Another example can be obtained from Ford Motors as they are involved in RD activities to bring disruptive technology that can control carbon emission which contributes to reduction in green-house gas emission. The mentioned activates reflect how the companies are contributing positively towards social development and protection (Illia, 2013, pp. 2). Other than this, there are also examples of companies that support the social development by contributing significantly for social c auses. For example, ITC Company supports education for poor people, Nestle Company offer free food campaign and health check-up camps for women and children. The corresponding outcome of these measures is that company can show their contribution towards development of society, gain competitive advantage, and collect evidence that their activities are complying with legislative framework of national and international interest. In essence of managing CSR activities, there is a keen requirement of maintaining the bottom line and improves the procedural requirement. According to Tsagas et al. (2012), such audit and performance evaluation are mainly managed with documentation. The rationale behind documentation provision is to preserve evidence, such that during the evaluation and audit process, distinction between performance measures and ethical orientation can be made. Likewise, documentation will also be helpful in making differentiation between CSR outcomes with reference to macro-s ocial level and organisational level. It is noteworthy to mention that documentation criteria are the key reason that companies are nowadays representing their engagement in CSR in the form of Greenwashing (Pope and Wraas, 2015, pp. 1). The key factor that mainly motivates this greenwashing provision is that companies can gain competitive advantage, attract customers with good message, can obtain easy certification from local and national government by complying with regulations, and manage their functional and economic liabilities. With these requirements, it is clearly justified that CSR claim is more compared to that greenwashing. The reason is clearly reflective with the fact that mere paper representation for contribution towards society, environment, and national development is not the requirement of present hours; rather there needs a substantial requirement for authentic responsibility-profitability connections (Crane, Matten and Spence, 2013, pp. 3). The quantitative analysis of these requirements can be performed based on portfolio comparison using theoretical framework as well as constructed model. Importantly, the analysis must be made using threshold level of time constraints, risk adjustment, and re-weighting of portfolios based on market status and resource availability. Likewise, the impact on social and environmental issues must be analysed using short-term contract and benchmarking testing. According to a report by Salzmann et al. (2005), the lack of optimal effort in terms of empirical testing as well as significance testing may reflect adequate greenwashing strategies; irrespective of having exact positive outcomes. According to several organisation such as International Labour Organisation, Grameen Bank in Asia, Department for Business Innovation (UK), and Foreign Affairs and International Trade have specified their CSR objectives. The significance of these framework is that the approach and their productivity in terms of outcome can be evaluated using any survey and interview results. The core characteristics of CSR activities thus demand voluntary steps in terms of managing externalities and aligning with multiple stakeholder orientation, such that their contribution towards customers, practice values in favour of community members, and alignment with reference to social and economic issues should be reflective with adequate transparency. In another report by Crane et al. (2013), the authors have highlighted that CSR framework actually varies according to their firm size. For example, formalisation of CSR in large firms aim toward formal and bureaucratised, whereas the same in a medium/small sized firm is informal in nature. The rationale behind this differentiation is linked with aims such as building corporate brand and managing public legitimacy for large firms. In contrast, for small sized firms, is only limited to building trust and framing networks with personal relationship to customers. Hence, it will be worthy to state that CSR part for any company should not only be stated as their mission, but should be integrated within business procedure and that it must be reflective with adequate outcomes in social and environmental context. References: Carroll, A.B. and Shabana, K.M., 2010. The business case for corporate social responsibility: A review of concepts, research and practice. International journal of management reviews, 12(1), pp.85-105. Crane, A., Matten, D. and Spence, L.J., 2013. Corporate social responsibility in a global context. Chapter in: Crane, A., Matten, D., and Spence, LJ,'Corporate Social Responsibility: Readings and Cases in a Global Context, 2, pp.3-26. Crane, A., Matten, D. and Spence, L.J., 2013. Corporate social responsibility in a global context. Chapter in: Crane, A., Matten, D., and Spence, LJ,'Corporate Social Responsibility: Readings and Cases in a Global Context, 2, pp.3-26. Illia, L., Zyglidopoulos, S.C., Romenti, S., Rodrguez-Cnovas, B. and del Valle Brena, A.G., 2013. Communicating corporate social responsibility to a cynical public. MIT Sloan Management Review, 54(3), p.2. Pope, S. and Wraas, A., 2015. CSR-Washing is Rare: A Conceptual Framework, Literature Review, and Critique. Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-21. Salzmann, O., Ionescu-Somers, A. and Steger, U., 2005. The business case for corporate sustainability:: literature review and research options. European Management Journal, 23(1), pp.27-36. Schoeneborn, D. and Trittin, H., 2013. Transcending transmission: Towards a constitutive perspective on CSR communication. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 18(2), pp.193-211. Tsagas, G., 2012. Reflecting on the value of socially responsible practices post takeover of Cadburys PLC by Kraft foods inc: implications for the revision of the EU takeover directive. European Company Law, Kluwer Law International, Special Issue on CSR and SRI, 9(2), pp.70-80. Vries, G., Terwel, B.W., Ellemers, N. and Daamen, D.D., 2015. Sustainability or profitability? How communicated motives for environmental policy affect public perceptions of corporate greenwashing. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 22(3), pp.142-154.

Case study for the Boeing 777

Unix essays

Unix essays Unix was originally developed at Bell Laboratories as a private research project by small groups of people starting 1969. The goal of this group was design an operating system that was written in a high level language rather than assembly language, allow re-use of code and be simple and elegant. Operating systems in that time were large and written in assembly language. UNIX had a small amoutnof code written in assembly language (called the kernel). The remaining code was written in a lanuage called C. As the group continued to develop UNIX , small changes were needed in the kernel and the language to allow the operating system to be completed. Through this work they worked through the kernel and software until a complete operating system was written on top of the kernel in the language C. UNIX is mysterious when you first approach it, I know I was stumped when I signed on that screen and looked at it like a lost puppy. I thought for a moment I was reading a foreign language. It tends to be a little intimidating at first glance. With a little coaxing from the voice in my head I start to click and find it is not all that foreign after all. It is rather complicated at first issuing commands like who > users_on. Nothing appears on the screen and so you think you have done something wrong. You learn the hard way that silence usually equals success. ( 3rd addition UNIX pg 32) ...

Ads and promtion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ads and promtion - Essay Example This is unisex. Figure three fits designer shops though for casual clothing and focuses on male more. Figure four is fit for shops which sell women items e.g. earrings, bangles, trouser suits and focuses more on female gender. Figure five is fit for a picnic site could be a recreation centre or a park and is for any gender. One can depict that the company sponsoring the ads deals in several things including designer clothes and picnics. It is seen from the adverts that it is a modern company since ladies are dressed in a modern manner where not every part is covered. It is a company that accepts various kinds of dressing codes. Products advertised by the pictures above could bring high sales apart from figure 6 which is bit controversial. Such an advert betrays a company’s culture of advertising and the way of dressing. It also makes the company’s morals to be doubted. Advertising is a dilemma in itself bearing in mind that a company has to put all stake holders in mind; client being most important. Figure 6 is controversial in that there is a lady who is almost fully naked with two other men who are half-naked. Behind them are two men who seem to be watching over what is happening; shown as a rape ordeal. Such an advert cannot sell a company’s product though it could sell to youths. It could spark hatred among the old generation since they advocate for conservatism. A company should not target one group in its quest to develop a large client base via advertising. Thus, sales department ought to have sharp minds and creativity as adverts are made and placed on the public arena. Adverts should have a panel to review before being taken to

Edit 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Edit 2 - Essay Example In this Essay I will focus on Tatsuo’s three main ideas of sovereignty, Asian culture and tradition, and religious diversity. Tatsuo views the Asian values as unauthentic and driven from an anti-West centric stance. In fact, the Asian governments invented this concept to increase their power and silence Asians’ voices by restricting their liberties. According to Tatsuo, the term Asian value is a concept used by Asian leaders to protect their societies from being invaded by Western concepts that contradict with their culture and tradition. Indeed, Tatsuo suggests that even though Asian leaders do not like the idea of democracy – viewing it as a Western value that is being forced into their society, they contradict themselves by accepting the term sovereignty, which is also a Western concept that was introduced by philosophical westerners such as Jean Bodin and Machiavelli. In fact, Tatsuo points that Asian society uses sovereignty as a way to place the power of the state above the individual rights. A good example is Bangkok Declaration that manipulates the meaning of sovereignty by illustrating the importance of respecting the nation and not interfering with foreign affairs. In my opinion, Tatsuo’s argument on sovereignty is valid. Introducing democracy to Asian society will disrupt the hierarchy system that places the state on top of its citizens. In fact, increasing the individuals’ respect and love for their state will increase their feeling of responsibility towards their nation and consider protecting their states as their first priority regardless of their human rights. Indeed, the more value is given to the state the more power it will have and the less power individuals will feel, which will increase their fear of expressing their voices even if their rights are violated. Indeed, this hierarchy system allows the state to control its citizens easily under the right of sovereignty and disregarding the rights of

Cyber Crime: Strategies and Types

Cyber Crime: Strategies and Types Cyber Crime: Identity Theft A. Introduction In this era of globalization, one of many things that can distinguish a developed country to a developing country is its progress of science and technology. This is because along with the development of a countrys science and technology, will also developed the countrys ability to enrich their own potential. Great advances in science and technology in developed country are due to their well-established information system. Meanwhile, in the developing country, the information system is still minimal, which make the development of science and technology become blocked. Thus, whether a country will become a developed country or not, is highly depend on their mastery of information system. In times like these, the mastery of the information system will not enough by merely mastering. We need to conquer the speed and accuracy too, because there is almost no point in mastering outdated information. Moreover, the very rapid progress of information makes the age of the information shorted. In other words, substitution of old and new information becomes faster. Old information will be ignored because of the more recent information. But, the development of science and technology, in which also means the development of information system, does not always have good effects. It has bad effects too. One of them is the increased rate of the computer crime. B. Computer Crime Computer crime issues have become high-profile, particularly those surrounding hacking, copyright infringement through warez, child pornography, and child grooming. There are also problems of privacy when confidential information is lost or intercepted, lawfully or otherwise. A computer crime is any illegal action where the data on a computer is accesed without permission. This access does not have to result in loss of data or even data modifications. Computer crime is often attributed to rogue hackers and crackers, but increasingly organized crime groups have realized the relative ease of stealing data with low-level of risk. There are three major classes of criminal activity with computer: 1. Unauthorized use of a computer, which might involve stealing a username and password, or might involve accessing the victims computer via the Internet through a backdoor operated by a Trojanhorse program. Unauthorized use of computers tends generally takes the following forms: Computer voyeur. The attackers read or copy confidential or propietary information, but the data is neither deleted nor changed. Changing data. Example, changing a grade on a school transcript. Unauthorized changing of data is generally a fraudulent act. Deleting data. Deleting entire files could be an act of vandalism or sabotage. Denying service to authorized users. 2. Creating or releasing a malicious computer program (e.g., computer virus, worm, Trojanhorse). Malicious computer program are divided into these following classes: 1) A virus is a program that infects an executable file. After infection, the executable file functions in a different way than before: maybe only displaying a benign message on the monitor, maybe deleting some or all files on the users hard drive, or maybe altering data files. There are two key features of a computer virus: The ability to propagate by attaching itself to executable files (e.g., application programs, operating system, macros, scripts, bootsector of a hard disk or floppy disk, etc.) Running the executable file may make new copies of the virus. The virus causes harm only after it has infected an executable file and the executable file is run. 2) A worm is a program that copies itself. The distinction between a virus and a worm, is that a virus never copies itself, a virus is copied only when the infected executable file is run. In the pure, original form, a worm neither deleted nor changed files on the victims computer, the worm simply made multiple copies of itself and sent those copies from the victims computer, thus clogging disk drives and the Internet with multiple copies of the worm. Releasing such a worm into the Internet will slow the legitimate traffic on the Internet, as continuously increasing amounts of traffic are mere copies of the worm. 3) A Trojan Horse is a deceptively labeled program that contains at least one function that is unknown to the user and that harms the user. A Trojan Horse does not replicate, which distinguishes it from viruses and worms. Some of the more serious Trojan horses allow a hacker to remotely control the victims computer, perhaps to collect passwords and creditcard numbers and send them to the hacker, or perhaps to launch denial of service attacks on websites. Some Trojan Horses are installed on a victims computer by an intruder, without any knowledge of the victim. Other Trojan Horses are downloaded (perhaps in an attachment in e-mail) and installed by the user, who intends to acquire a benefit that is quite different from the undisclosed true purpose of the Trojan Horse. 4) A logic bomb is a program that detonates when some event occurs. The detonated program might stop working, crash the computer, release a virus, delete data files, or any of many other harmful possibilities. Atimebomb is a type of logicbomb, in which the program detonates when the computers clock reaches some target date. 5) A hoax is a warning about a nonexistent malicious program. 3. Crimes facilitated by computer networks or devices, the primary target of which is independent of the computer network or device (cyber crime) Examples of crimes that merely use computer networks or devices would include : Cyber stalking Fraud and identity theft Phishings scams Information warfare The third type of Computer Crime has become the most famous right now, because it produce more benefits than the other two. C. Cyber Crime The Internet is a new frontier. Just like the Wild, Wild West, the Internet frontier is wide open to both exploitation and exploration. There are no sheriffs on the Information Superhighway. No one is there to protect you or to to lock-up virtual desperados and bandits.This lack of supervision and enforcement leaves users to watch out for themselves and for each other.A loose standard called netiquette has developed but it is still very different from the standards found in real life.Unfortunately, cyberspace remains wide open to faceless, nameless con artists that can carry out all sorts of mischief. And that is why the cyber crimes can be as they are right now. Cyber Crime is a criminal activity done using a computers and the internet. This includes anything from downloading illegal music files to stealing millions of dollars from online bank accounts. Cyber crime also includes non-monetary offenses, such as creating and distributing viruses on other computers or posting confidential business information on the internet. Cases of cyber crime, 1970 2005: 1970 1990 1. John Draper discovers the give-away whistle in Capn Crunch cereal boxes reproduces a 2600Hz tone. Draper builds a ‘blue box that, when used with the whistle and sounded into a phone receiver, allows phreaks to make free calls 2. Robert T. Morris, Jr., graduate student at Cornell University and son of a chief scientist at the NSA, launches a self-replicating worm (the Morris Worm) on the governments ARPAnet (precursor to the Internet). The worm gets out of hand and spreads to over 6000 networked computers, clogging government and university systems. Morris is dismissed from Cornell, sentenced to three years probation, and fined $10K. 3. After a prolonged sting investigation, Secret Service agents swoop down on organizers and members of BBSs in 14 US cities, including the Legion of Doom. The arrests are aimed at cracking down on credit-card theft and telephone and wire fraud.(1990) 1991 2000 1. Five members of the Aum Shinri Kyo cults Ministry of Intelligence break into Mitsubishi Heavy Industrys mainframe and steal Megabytes of sensitive data. (1994) 2. Hackers adapt to emergence of the World Wide Web, moving all their how-to information and hacking programs from the old BBSs to new hacker Web sites.(1994) 3. Russian crackers steal $10 million from Citibank. Vladimir Levin, the ringleader, uses his work laptop after hours to transfer the funds to accounts in Finland and Israel. He is tried in the US and sentenced to 3 years in prison. All but $400K of the money is recovered. (1995) 4. The French Defense Ministry admits Hackers succeeded in stealing acoustic codes for aircraft carriers and submarines. (1995) 5. FBI establishes fake security start-up company in Seattle and lures two Russian citizens to U.S. soil on the pretense of offering them jobs, then arrests them. The Russians are accused of stealing credit card information, attempting to extort money from victims, and defrauding PayPal by using stolen credit cards to generate cash. (2000) 2001 2005 1. Microsoft become victim of a new type of attack against domain name servers, corrupting the DNS paths taking users to Microsofts Web sites. This is a Denial of Service (DoS) attack. The hack is detected within hours, but prevents millions of users from reaching Microsoft Web pages for two days. (2001) 2. The Klez.H worm becomes the biggest malware outbreak in terms of machines infected, but causes little monetary damage. (2002) 3. Two men hack into wireless network at Lowes store in Michigan and steal credit card information. (2003) 4. Brian Salcedo sentenced to 9 years for hacking into Lowes home improvement stores and attempting to steal customer credit card information. Prosecutors said three men tapped into the wireless network of a Lowes store and used that connection to enter the chains central computer system in NC, installing a program to capture credit card information. (2004) 5. Secret Service seizes control of the Shadowcrew Web site and arrests 28 people in 8 states and 6 countries. They are charged with conspiracy to defraud the US. Nicolas Jacobsen, is charged with hacking into a T-Mobile computer system, exposing documents the Secret Service had e-mailed to an agent. (2004) Australian Institute of Criminology, 9 types of cycber crime: 1. Theft of telecommunication service The phone phreakers of three decades ago set a precedent for what has become a major criminal industry. By gaining access to an organisations telephone switchboard (PBX) individuals or criminal organisations can obtain access to dial-in/dial-out circuits and then make their own calls or sell call time to third parties. Offenders may gain access to the switchboard by impersonating a technician, by fraudulently obtaining an employees access code, or by using software available on the internet. Some sophisticated offenders loop between PBX systems to evade detection. Additional forms of service theft include capturing calling card details and on-selling calls charged to the calling card account, and counterfeiting or illicit reprogramming of stored value telephone cards. 2. Communication in furtherance of criminal conspiracies There is evidence of telecommunications equipment being used to facilitate organised drug trafficking, gambling, prostitution, money laundering, child pornography and trade in weapons (in those jurisdictions where such activities are illegal). The use of encryption technology may place criminal communications beyond the reach of law enforcement. 3. Telecommunications privacy Digital technology permits perfect reproduction and easy dissemination of print, graphics, sound, and multimedia combinations. The temptation to reproduce copyrighted material for personal use, for sale at a lower price, or indeed, for free distribution, has proven irresistable to many. 4. Dissemination of offensive materials Content considered by some to be objectionable exists in abundance in cyberspace. This includes, among much else, sexually explicit materials, racist propaganda, and instructions for the fabrication of incendiary and explosive devices. Telecommunications systems can also be used for harassing, threatening or intrusive communications, from the traditional obscene telephone call to its contemporary manifestation in cyber-stalking, in which persistent messages are sent to an unwilling recipient. 5. Electronic money laundering and tax evasion With the emergence and proliferation of various technologies of electronic commerce, one can easily envisage how traditional countermeasures against money laundering and tax evasion may soon be of limited value. I may soon be able to sell you a quantity of heroin, in return for an untraceable transfer of stored value to my smart-card, which I then download anonymously to my account in a financial institution situated in an overseas jurisdiction which protects the privacy of banking clients. I can discreetly draw upon these funds as and when I may require, downloading them back to my stored value card (Wahlert 1996). 6. Electronic vandalism, terrorism and extortion As never before, western industrial society is dependent upon complex data processing and telecommunications systems. Damage to, or interference with, any of these systems can lead to catastrophic consequences. Whether motivated by curiosity or vindictiveness electronic intruders cause inconvenience at best, and have the potential for inflicting massive harm (Hundley and Anderson 1995, Schwartau 1994). While this potential has yet to be realised, a number of individuals and protest groups have hacked the official web pages of various governmental and commercial organisations (Rathmell 1997). http://www.2600.com/hacked_pages/ (visited 4 January 2000). This may also operate in reverse: early in 1999 an organised hacking incident was apparently directed at a server which hosted the Internet domain for East Timor, which at the time was seeking its independence from Indonesia (Creed 1999). 7. Sales and investment fraud As electronic commerce becomes more prevalent, the application of digital technology to fraudulent endeavours will be that much greater. The use of the telephone for fraudulent sales pitches, deceptive charitable solicitations, or bogus investment overtures is increasingly common. Cyberspace now abounds with a wide variety of investment opportunities, from traditional securities such as stocks and bonds, to more exotic opportunities such as coconut farming, the sale and leaseback of automatic teller machines, and worldwide telephone lotteries (Cella and Stark 1997 837-844). Indeed, the digital age has been accompanied by unprecedented opportunities for misinformation. Fraudsters now enjoy direct access to millions of prospective victims around the world, instantaneously and at minimal cost. 8. Illegal Interception of telecommunications Developments in telecommunications provide new opportunities for electronic eavesdropping. From activities as time-honoured as surveillance of an unfaithful spouse, to the newest forms of political and industrial espionage, telecommunications interception has increasing applications. Here again, technological developments create new vulnerabilities. The electromagnetic signals emitted by a computer may themselves be intercepted. Cables may act as broadcast antennas. Existing law does not prevent the remote monitoring of computer radiation. It has been reported that the notorious American hacker Kevin Poulsen was able to gain access to law enforcement and national security wiretap data prior to his arrest in 1991 (Littman 1997). In 1995, hackers employed by a criminal organisation attacked the communications system of the Amsterdam Police. The hackers succeeded in gaining police operational intelligence, and in disrupting police communications 9. Electronic funds transfer fraud Electronic funds transfer systems have begun to proliferate, and so has the risk that such transactions may be intercepted and diverted. Valid credit card numbers can be intercepted electronically, as well as physically; the digital information stored on a card can be counterfeited. Right now electronic funds transfer fraud is the most famous type of cyber crime. Every year the rate of case about electronic funds transfer fraud always increasing especially in credit card information stealing. From www.spamlaws.com they wrote about credit card stealing in 2005,†Credit card fraud statistics show that about $2.8 million was lost due to credit card fraud, from fraudulent use of MasterCard and Visa alone. In total, credit card fraud costs cardholders and credit card issuers as much as $500 million a year.† Identity Theft Identity theft is really identity fraud. This criminal uses someone elses identity for their own illegal purposes.Examples include fraudulently obtaining credit, stealing money from the victims bank accounts, using the victims credit card number, establishing accounts with utility companies, renting an apartment, or even filing bankruptcy using the victims name. The cyberimpersonator can steal unlimited funds in the victims name without the victim even knowing about it for months, or even years. Anyone who relies heavily on credit cards, Social Security Numbers or network blogging is more susceptible to credit identity theft. Many of our modern conveniences also come with a risk and less protection. The digital age is the perfect age for the Cyber criminal to commit it. Think of the internet as a dark alley in the middle of the night. And these cyber criminals are those people hiding there waiting for the victims to make a mistake. Credit identity theft is a very damaging crime because it not only damages the person financially but also damages the persons reputation as well. Imagine someone borrowing money using your name and never telling you. You will both bear with the burden of paying back the money he borrowed and suffer the humiliation of having this blunder under your name. Identity theft has been referred to by some as the crime of the new millennium. It can be accomplished anonymously, easily, with a variety of means, and the impact upon the victim can be devastating. Identity theft is simply the theft of identity information such as a name, date of birth, Social Security number (SSN), or a credit card number. The mundane activities of a typical consumer during the course of a regular day may provide tremendous opportunities for an identity thief: purchasing gasoline, meals, clothes, or tickets to an athletic event; renting a car, a video, or home-improvement tools; purchasing gifts or trading stock on-line; receiving mail; or taking out the garbage or recycling. Any activity in which identity information is shared or made available to others creates an opportunity for identity theft. It is estimated that identity theft has become the fastest-growing financial crime in America and perhaps the fastest-growing crime of any kind in our society. The illegal use of identity information has increased exponentially in recent years. In fiscal year 1999 alone, the Social Security Administration (SSA) Office of Inspector General (OIG) Fraud Hotline received approximately 62,000 allegations involving SSN misuse. The widespread use of SSNs as identifiers has reduced their security and increased the likelihood that they will be the object of identity theft. The expansion and popularity of the Internet to effect commercial transactions has increased the opportunities to commit crimes involving identity theft. The expansion and popularity of the Internet to post official information for the benefit of citizens and customers has also increased opportunities to obtain SSNs for illegal purposes. Victims of identity theft often do not realize they have become victims until they attempt to obtain financing on a home or a vehicle. Only then, when the lender tells them that their credit history makes them ineligible for a loan, do they realize something is terribly wrong. When they review their credit report, they first become aware of credit cards for which they have never applied, bills long overdue, unfamiliar billing addresses, and inquiries from unfamiliar creditors. Even if they are able to identify the culprit, it may take months or years, tremendous emotional anguish, many lost financial opportunities, and large legal fees, to clear up their credit history. Identity theft occurs in many ways, ranging from careless sharing of personal information, to intentional theft of purses, wallets, mail, or digital information. There are some reasons why the attacker can steal the credit card information: 1. Unsecured network Example: 1. Poisoning Poisoning technique is quiet complicated. First, the attackers need to connect to the same network with the target. After that, the attackers have to look for the IP address of the target. The next step, the attackers should poison the target computer with ARP poisoning or with trojan horse. Then the computer target will move following the attackers track. The attackers will bring the target into fake shop site, and make the target unrealized that he/she has entered the credit card information. 2. Sniffing This technique is unstable, why? Because its depend on the attackers luck. Just like poisoning, the attackers have to connect to the same network with the target. After that, the attackers should scan all of MAC address in the network. Next, the attackers start the sniffing program, such as Cain and Able or Wireshark. Last, the attackers should wait until someone in the network open a shop site and enter the information of the credit card. 2. Vulnerabilities on the site Example: 1. SQL Injection With this vulnerability the attacker can enter admin panel without knowing the username and password. They just need to enter a right syntax as username and password to enter the admin panel. If they are already in admin panel they can see the complete information of the buyer. 2. Blind SQL Injection Blind SQL injection is the most favorite vulnerability for the attackers. The attackers will only need the web browser to do this technique. First, the attackers have to found a right page to be injected with some syntax. After that the attackers should drop all database table, and looking for user table or admin table. If there is user table the attackers can drop the column and the attackers could get the full data of the user, included the credit card information. But, if user table doesnt exist, the attackers should use the admin table. The attackers should drop the admin column and search for the admin password. After the attackers cracks the admins username and password, the attackers could go to the admin panel and look for the information of the buyer. 3. Order log Order log is an old vulnerability, but theres still websites that have this vulnerability. With this vulnerability the attackers only need to use search engine and look for the order log. If the order log has already founded the attacker will open it, and suddenly get full information about the buyer. 4. Admin Directory This vulnerability makes visitor of the site be able to open admin directory freely. So, the attacker could use this chance to see the database. Order database is always in the database. In the order database, the data of the buyer will be saved completely, including credit card information. 3. Human error Example: Social Engineering or Human Manipulating Attacker could use security weakness which is human. Why? Because human is easy to be manipulated. First, the attackers could request the target to do something unimportant, and then set a trap for the target. Attackers will manipulate the target to follow the attackers scheme. Then, if the target has already been trapped, the attacker could make the target gives the complete information about the credit card. There are several ways that can be done to avoid the potential victims from identity theft : The potential victims should request a complete credit report every once a year and check it closely. When get unwanted pre-approved credit card offers, shred them up before tossing them. When in public, do not recite social security number outloud to a bank teller or store cashier. Use a secure mailbox that locks. When asked to give mothers maiden name as a code access, use another key word instead. Change the personal identification numbers on accounts regularly. Pick up and keep printed receipts at bank machines or gas pumps. Even if have been victimized, there are still things that can be done : Before calling the police, contact bank or credit card company and freeze the account. The reason for this is twofold: first, it will help minimize monetary loss, and two, most banks and creditors have a time period in which the notification still valid and can be used to protect the victims. Then call the police department. It does not matter if the identification is being used in the victims city or halfway across the world because the police are required by federal law to take the report. After making police reports, the victim could contact any of national credit bureaus and put a fraud alert on their account. While dealing with the credit bureau, the victim should get a current copy of their credit report. And read it carefully. Then, the victims can contact their insurance company and ask for compensation. At least one insurance company has developed an insurance policy to help deal with identity theft. REFERENCES Anonymous. Computer Crime Definition. cited from http://www.mariosalexandrou.com/definition/ computer-crime.asp [21 November 2009] Anonymous. Cybercrime. cited from http://www.techterms.com/definition/cybercrime [21 November 2009] Australian Institute of Criminology. Nine Types of Cybercrime. cited from http://www.crime.hku.hk/ cybercrime.htm [21 November 2009] Hoar SB. Identity Theft: The Crime of The New Millennium. cited from http://www.cybercrime.gov/ usamarch2001_3.htm [5 December 2009] Karnow CEA. Cybercrime. cited from http://www.davislogic.com/cybercrime.htm [5 December 2009] Herries S. Overcoming Identity Theft: What to Do After You Have Been Comprimised. cited from http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/272448/overcoming_identity_theft_what_to_do_pg2.html?cat=17 [5 December 2009]

Ijaraha

IJARAH – (Lease to Own) In mode of financing, lease is simply a transaction in which transfer of a property from one person to another person for an agreed time period on rental basis. Ijarah is an Islamic leasing contract, representing one of the most common modes of Islamic finance currently practice. Its popularity is due to strong parallel to convential leasing concept. The process of ‘Ijarah’ is very simple and easy to understand. This has been derived from the Arabic term â€Å"Ujr† or â€Å"Ujrat† which means ‘consideration' or ‘return' or ‘wages'.In simple words ‘Ijarah’ defines; contract of hiring, renting and leasing. This mode of financing is use in case of equipment as well as property. This mode of financing is better for both lessee and lessor. According to Islamic Shariah based rule, Ijarah is an agreement between the two parties (Lessor and Lessee. In this mode of financing; an owner (Lessor) transfers i ts usufruct to Lessee for an agreed time period on contract basis. In return, lessee obligation is to pay specific rent or rental for a fixed period. Period of lease and rental determined at the time of agreement.In Pakistan, this mode of transaction gained popularity to purchase car. Several products have been introduced by banks and institution to facilitate customers and provide car on affordable prices and rental prices. Key words 1. The Lessor (Mujjir) – The individual or organization who leases out/rents out the property or service is called the Lessor. 2. The lessee: (Mustajir) – The individual or organization who hires/takes the lease of the property or service against the consideration rent/wages/remuneration is called the lessee (Mustajir). . The Benefit (Maajur) – The benefit that is leased/rented out is called the benefit (Maajur). 4. The rent (Aj'r or Ujrat) – The consideration either in monetary terms or in quantity of goods fixed to be paid against the benefit of the goods or service is called the rent or Ujrat or Aj'r. Some important aspects of Ijarah Financing †¢ Subject of lease should be clearly defines in the agreement with the mutually understanding of the both parties. †¢ At the time of Ijarah transaction, asset or equipment in the ownership of the lessor. Only consumable items are permissible to lease out. Non consumable items are strictly prohibited to lease out. Example: Money, Wheat. E. g †¢ Duration of lease must be mentioned clearly in the agreement. †¢ Lessee acts as an ‘Ameen’. In case of any damage to asset will be borne by the lessee. On the other hand, any other loss or harm outside the control of the lessee, lessor is liable. †¢ Rent should be known at the time of contract. The lessor can not increase the rent unilaterally. Rent will start after the delivery of the asset. Process Flow 1.In first step customer find the bank with the request for financing and ente rs into an agreement with the bank. 2. The Bank buys an item (car or equipment) from the vendor. 3. Bank takes delivery of the car and title of ownership from the vendor. 4. The bank makes payment to vendor. 5. The bank signs the agreement of lease with the customer and transfer usufruct. 6. The customer makes periodic rental payment as per the contract. 7. According to the agreement, at the time of maturity customer can purchase the asset from the bank with the help of separate agreement.Only Difference 1. In sale transaction, title of property usually transferred to buyer. 2. But in case of Ijarah, title remains with the lessor. 3. Only the use of the property is transferred to the lessee. 4. Lessee pays rent to the lessor as per as the agreement. 5. At the time of maturity bank signed another agreement with the lessee and lessor gift the asset to the customer. After this transaction, lessee becomes the owner of the asset. This practice is known as â€Å" Ijarah – Wal â₠¬â€œ Iqtina â€Å" Basic Elements of Ijarah AgreementAccording to Shariah, there are three general terminology used for Ijarah agreement as follows: 1. Wording of the agreement: Offer and acceptance word must be included in the agreement. 2. Contracting Parties: This includes a Lessor, the owner of the property, and a lessee, the party that benefits from the use of the property. 3. Subject matter of the contract: This includes the rent and the benefit. Rent Calculation 1. Islamic banks calculate the cost of purchasing the asset that is to be leased and intend to earn an amount equal to the rate of interest. . Agreement between the parties provides that the rental will be equal to the rate of interest or in addition to something. 3. While the rate of interest is variable, it cannot be set for the whole duration of the lease. 4. It is permissible to divide the cost price of the Asset and ownership of the Lessor to the Asset into several parts and to sell each part of ownership on pay ment of proportionate price/equity of the Lessor under a separate sale contract. Ijaraha IJARAH – (Lease to Own) In mode of financing, lease is simply a transaction in which transfer of a property from one person to another person for an agreed time period on rental basis. Ijarah is an Islamic leasing contract, representing one of the most common modes of Islamic finance currently practice. Its popularity is due to strong parallel to convential leasing concept. The process of ‘Ijarah’ is very simple and easy to understand. This has been derived from the Arabic term â€Å"Ujr† or â€Å"Ujrat† which means ‘consideration' or ‘return' or ‘wages'.In simple words ‘Ijarah’ defines; contract of hiring, renting and leasing. This mode of financing is use in case of equipment as well as property. This mode of financing is better for both lessee and lessor. According to Islamic Shariah based rule, Ijarah is an agreement between the two parties (Lessor and Lessee. In this mode of financing; an owner (Lessor) transfers i ts usufruct to Lessee for an agreed time period on contract basis. In return, lessee obligation is to pay specific rent or rental for a fixed period. Period of lease and rental determined at the time of agreement.In Pakistan, this mode of transaction gained popularity to purchase car. Several products have been introduced by banks and institution to facilitate customers and provide car on affordable prices and rental prices. Key words 1. The Lessor (Mujjir) – The individual or organization who leases out/rents out the property or service is called the Lessor. 2. The lessee: (Mustajir) – The individual or organization who hires/takes the lease of the property or service against the consideration rent/wages/remuneration is called the lessee (Mustajir). . The Benefit (Maajur) – The benefit that is leased/rented out is called the benefit (Maajur). 4. The rent (Aj'r or Ujrat) – The consideration either in monetary terms or in quantity of goods fixed to be paid against the benefit of the goods or service is called the rent or Ujrat or Aj'r. Some important aspects of Ijarah Financing †¢ Subject of lease should be clearly defines in the agreement with the mutually understanding of the both parties. †¢ At the time of Ijarah transaction, asset or equipment in the ownership of the lessor. Only consumable items are permissible to lease out. Non consumable items are strictly prohibited to lease out. Example: Money, Wheat. E. g †¢ Duration of lease must be mentioned clearly in the agreement. †¢ Lessee acts as an ‘Ameen’. In case of any damage to asset will be borne by the lessee. On the other hand, any other loss or harm outside the control of the lessee, lessor is liable. †¢ Rent should be known at the time of contract. The lessor can not increase the rent unilaterally. Rent will start after the delivery of the asset. Process Flow 1.In first step customer find the bank with the request for financing and ente rs into an agreement with the bank. 2. The Bank buys an item (car or equipment) from the vendor. 3. Bank takes delivery of the car and title of ownership from the vendor. 4. The bank makes payment to vendor. 5. The bank signs the agreement of lease with the customer and transfer usufruct. 6. The customer makes periodic rental payment as per the contract. 7. According to the agreement, at the time of maturity customer can purchase the asset from the bank with the help of separate agreement.Only Difference 1. In sale transaction, title of property usually transferred to buyer. 2. But in case of Ijarah, title remains with the lessor. 3. Only the use of the property is transferred to the lessee. 4. Lessee pays rent to the lessor as per as the agreement. 5. At the time of maturity bank signed another agreement with the lessee and lessor gift the asset to the customer. After this transaction, lessee becomes the owner of the asset. This practice is known as â€Å" Ijarah – Wal â₠¬â€œ Iqtina â€Å" Basic Elements of Ijarah AgreementAccording to Shariah, there are three general terminology used for Ijarah agreement as follows: 1. Wording of the agreement: Offer and acceptance word must be included in the agreement. 2. Contracting Parties: This includes a Lessor, the owner of the property, and a lessee, the party that benefits from the use of the property. 3. Subject matter of the contract: This includes the rent and the benefit. Rent Calculation 1. Islamic banks calculate the cost of purchasing the asset that is to be leased and intend to earn an amount equal to the rate of interest. . Agreement between the parties provides that the rental will be equal to the rate of interest or in addition to something. 3. While the rate of interest is variable, it cannot be set for the whole duration of the lease. 4. It is permissible to divide the cost price of the Asset and ownership of the Lessor to the Asset into several parts and to sell each part of ownership on pay ment of proportionate price/equity of the Lessor under a separate sale contract.